Growth Trajectories of Perceived Parental Behavior During Adolescence
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Growth Trajectories of Perceived Parental Behavior During Adolescence Andrea Spitz1,2 · Christa Winkler Metzke1 · Hans‑Christoph Steinhausen1,2,3,4 Accepted: 4 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Perceived parental behaviour has mainly been studied in association with various developmental outcomes in children and adolescents but less is known about the underlying developmental change of parental behavior during adolescence. In the present study, a sample of N = 552 participants aged 11–12 years were assessed at three measurement times during adolescence. Perceived acceptance, psychological control, and structure were measured separately for both parents with the brief Perceived Parental Behavior Inventory (PPBI). Trajectories were analyzed using individual growth curve models. Perceived acceptance did not change over time for either parent and there were no sex differences. In contrast, parental psychological control and structure decreased and showed sex differences during adolescence. The latter effect was stronger in boys. This study documents normative developmental trajectories of perceived parental behaviour during adolescence. The PPBI adequately reflects developmental changes in perceived parental behaviour across adolescence and may represent a useful tool in future studies. Keywords Adolescence · Perceived parental behavior · Trajectories · Longitudinal study
Introduction Generally, the first and most long-lasting social bond for most humans is the one between parents and their children. Starting in infancy, the behavior of children is shaped by interactions with their parents and their behavior is determined by these early attachment experiences. Parental behavior has been classified in various ways and there is some agreement that it may be described by two or three Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01095-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Andrea Spitz [email protected] 1
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital, Neumünsterallee 9, P.O. Box 233, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
2
Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
3
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
4
Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
major dimensions, which may also determine a specific parenting style [1–6]. The first dimension is characterized by parental warmth and acceptance. Parents with high acceptance show high levels of involvement, responsiveness, help and support to their children, and give advice when needed. They like to spend time with their children, praise them, are emotionally accessible and caring and show confidence in them. The second dimension refers to the extent to which a parent e
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