Guest Editorial: International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop on Geohazards and Risks Studied from Earth Observ
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Guest Editorial: International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop on Geohazards and Risks Studied from Earth Observations T. Lopez1,2 · A. Cazenave2,3 · M. Mandea4 · J. Benveniste5 Accepted: 23 September 2020 / Published online: 13 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
The Earth’s environment and humankind have always suffered from natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, occasional meteor impacts, wildfires and hydro-meteorological extremes (e.g., cyclones, floods, storm surges, landslides triggered by heavy rainfall or floods, heat waves and droughts). With the development of human societies, a new kind of hazards has appeared; these are referred to as man-made hazards. These new hazards include global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, plastic wastes throughout the ecosystem and technological disasters such as oil spills, chemical or nuclear explosions (Alexander 2018). Among the man-made hazards, technological disasters may cause huge damages in terms of environmental degradation and human casualties, but due to their scarcity they are less susceptible to interact with natural hazards, as opposed to pollution and, above all, to greenhouse gas releases. Indeed, the development of anthropogenic hazards can enhance or interact with already existing natural risks, thus leading to more complex effects, which in turn are more difficult to predict. Hydro-meteorological hazards such as cyclones, storms, heat waves, floods and droughts are intensifying as time goes on and some of them are becoming more frequent (e.g., heat waves and floods) (Stocker et al. 2013; Yamazaki et al. 2018 and references therein), and increasing the vulnerability of populations. However, the societal and economic impacts of natural and man-made hazards will differ depending on the geographical region, southern countries paying generally a heavier price in terms of human casualties and goods lost (Hyndman and Hyndman 2016). With the development of a large variety of advanced sensors aboard satellites and the growing amount of available data, space-based Earth Observations (EOs) are increasingly being used to better support disaster monitoring, mitigation, adaptation and risk * T. Lopez [email protected] 1
Present Address: IRT Saint Exupéry, Institut de Recherche Technologique Antoine de SaintExupéry – Fondation STAE, GET, 14 Avenue Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
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ISSI – International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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LEGOS – Laboratoire d’Études en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, 18 Avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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CNES – Centre National d’Études Spatiales, 2 Place Maurice Quentin, 75039 Paris, France
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ESA – European Space Agency, Largo Galileo Galilei, 1, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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Surveys in Geophysics (2020) 41:1179–1183
management. The space-based observing systems have several advantages compared to in situ networks. Since they are not affected by the hazards occ
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