H.264/AVC Video Compressed Traces: Multifractal and Fractal Analysis
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H.264/AVC Video Compressed Traces: Multifractal and Fractal Analysis Irini Reljin,1 Andreja Sam˘covi´c,2 and Branimir Reljin1 1 Faculty 2 Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro of Traffic and Transport Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
Received 1 August 2005; Revised 1 January 2006; Accepted 30 April 2006 Publicly available long video traces encoded according to H.264/AVC were analyzed from the fractal and multifractal points of view. It was shown that such video traces, as compressed videos (H.261, H.263, and MPEG-4 Version 2) exhibit inherent longrange dependency, that is, fractal, property. Moreover they have high bit rate variability, particularly at higher compression ratios. Such signals may be better characterized by multifractal (MF) analysis, since this approach describes both local and global features of the process. From multifractal spectra of the frame size video traces it was shown that higher compression ratio produces broader and less regular MF spectra, indicating to higher MF nature and the existence of additive components in video traces. Considering individual frames (I, P, and B) and their MF spectra one can approve additive nature of compressed video and the particular influence of these frames to a whole MF spectrum. Since compressed video occupies a main part of transmission bandwidth, results obtained from MF analysis of compressed video may contribute to more accurate modeling of modern teletraffic. Moreover, by appropriate choice of the method for estimating MF quantities, an inverse MF analysis is possible, that means, from a once derived MF spectrum of observed signal it is possible to recognize and extract parts of the signal which are characterized by particular values of multifractal parameters. Intensive simulations and results obtained confirm the applicability and efficiency of MF analysis of compressed video. Copyright © 2006 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.
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INTRODUCTION
Video data is main and most critical part of modern multimedia communications due to its huge amount of data. For the transport over networks, video is typically compressed (or, encoded) to reduce the bandwidth requirements. The standardization activities in the field of video compression are in focus of two professional bodies: the ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union) and the ISO/IEC (International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission). Their efforts are addressed towards two different goals: to transmit video at as small as possible bit rate through standard telephone or mobile networks, leading to a family of H.26x standards (ITU-T), or to support high quality video streaming, obtained from a family of MPEG-x standards (ISO/IEC), where “x” denotes the appropriate suffix. Early video coding standards, such as ITU-T H.261 and ISO/IEC MPEG-1, are designed for a fixed quality level [1, 2]. Later on, video coding schemes are designed to be scalable, that i
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