Histone Modifications and their Role in Colorectal Cancer (Review)
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REVIEW
Histone Modifications and their Role in Colorectal Cancer (Review) Jingchun Qin 1 & Bin Wen 1 & Yuqi Liang 1 & Weitao Yu 2 & Huixuan Li 1 Received: 14 September 2018 / Accepted: 11 April 2019 # The Author(s) 2019
Abstract The development of colorectal cancer is a complex and multistep process mediated by a variety of factors including the dysregulation of genetic and epigenetic under the influence of microenvironment. It is evident that epigenetics that affects gene activity and expression has been recognized as a critical role in the carcinogenesis. Aside from DNA methylation, miRNA level, and genomic imprinting, histone modification is increasingly recognized as an essential mechanism underlying the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Aberrant regulation of histone modification like acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation levels on specific residues is implicated in a wide spectrum of cancers, including colorectal cancer. In addition, as this process is reversible and accompanied by a plethora of deregulated enzymes, inhibiting those histone-modifying enzymes activity and regulating its level has been thought of as a potential path for tumor therapy. This review provides insight into the basic information of histone modification and its application in the colorectal cancer treatment, thereby offering new potential targets for treatment of colorectal cancer. Keywords Histone modification . Colorectal cancer . Histone acetylation . Histone methylation . Histone phosphorylation
Introduction The accumulation of genetic and epigenetic dysregulation are two kinds of separate mechanisms which resulted in tumorigenesis. Genetic variations have traditionally been regarded as an important player in the occurrence and development of the tumor. Nevertheless, current data have been accumulating concerning the epigenetic change which is responsible for the genesis and progression of cancer [1]. epigenetics is defined as the study of changes in the expression and regulation of genes does not involved in changes in the DNA sequence which can be classified into DNA methylation, histone modification, miRNA, genomic imprinting and chromosome remodeling [2, 3]. Up to now, DNA methylation and histone modification are the most intensively studied epigenetics; Moreover, Histone modification is one of the important
regulatory mechanisms of epigenetics, which is detected primarily in the amino- and carboxy-terminal histone tails. It is also an important mechanism in cancer progression [4]. In this setting, a variety of cancer such as gastric cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, et al. have been extensively reported to be correlated with this change [5–7]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multi-factorial disease and retains its status as the most common cause of cancer-related death, with more than 6000,000 estimated death across the globe every year [8]. The etiology of colorectal cancer is not completely established, accordingly, it is critical to probe into the molecular bases of colorectal cancer and markers
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