Housing in transition: The first apartments of the New capital city, Ankara
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Housing in transition: The first apartments of the New capital city, Ankara Deniz Avcı Hosanlı1 Received: 10 August 2019 / Accepted: 8 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Housing production busied the construction industry in Ankara during the 1920s as the small Ottoman town was transformed into the new capital city of the Turkish Republic. To accommodate the rapidly increasing population, alongside traditional houses, new housing types emerged, and ‘apartments’ were introduced for the first time to the new capital city. The transformation of traditional houses into apartments was not direct but gradual with the duality of historicist facades and modernized interiors and with the ensemble of ’traditional’ and ’modern’ characteristics. With five apartment cases exemplifying this transformation, this article demonstrates that despite the formal characteristics of the ’national’ style, the manifestation of modernization began with technical advancements and changes in the spatial configuration of the housing units. This manifestation is presented by analyzing the technical and spatial characteristics of the selected cases as empirical evidence of modernization of the construction industry and the transforming usage schemes in housing due to the changes in the family structure and sociocultural aspects in the daily lives of the inhabitants of the city. With the introduction of the service spaces within the residential interiors via the retrofitting of infrastructure, with transforming polyvalent traditional spaces into ’defined’ spaces and by creating hierarchies in residential interiors with publicity-privacy-based spatial configuration, the new houses constructed fulfilled the requirements of newly modernized families of the 1920s’ Ankara. Keywords Apartments · Residential interiors · Spatial transformation · Predefined spaces · Technical advancement · Ankara · 1920s
1 Introduction At the beginning of the 1920s, Ankara was a small, neglected city with traditional neighborhoods scattered around the historic citadel. Soon after the War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı), and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Ankara, being the headquarters of the struggle years, was established as the new capital city on October * Deniz Avcı Hosanlı [email protected] 1
Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, I. D. Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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13, 1923, and began to transform with an encompassing building agenda of the new government with public buildings and housing projects. The architectural style of the period followed the ‘First National Architectural Style’ with historicist exteriors, monumentality, and extravagant architectural details: a style loaded with ‘national’ meanings (Sözen, 1984; Aslanoğlu, 2010; Bozdoğan, 2012). The necessary development of the residential architecture was the result of comprehensive thinking and planning. Due to the urgent accommodation
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