Humans An Unauthorized Biography

Based on the latest scientific discoveries, this “unauthorized biography” of the Humans recounts the story of our distant ancestors during the past 6 million years, since the line of our extended family separated from that leading to modern chimpanzees. T

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HUMANS An Unauthorized Biography

Humans

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Claudio Tuniz • Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio

Humans An Unauthorized Biography

Claudio Tuniz International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste, Italy

Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio University of Udine (on leave) Italy

Centro Fermi, Roma, Italy University of Wollongong Australia

Translated by Juliet Haydock Sub-edited by Edwin F. Beschler and Marc Beschler

Based on a translation from the original Italian language edition: Homo sapiens. Una biografia non autorizzata by Claudio Tuniz, Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio, Copyright © Carocci editore 2015. All Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-3-319-31019-0 ISBN 978-3-319-31021-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31021-3

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016940134 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image: © Photo by Joe McNally. Printed on acid-free paper This Copernicus imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Foreword

Who are we? Where did we come from? How do we relate to other species? How has the history of human evolution on this planet shaped our behaviour and the challenges we now face, individually and collectively? From the naı¨ve curiosity of early childhood to the more mature reflections of senior citizens, these questions are uncomfortably recurrent. Few people, however, have a clear basis for providing even provisional answers. We tend to conflate what we think we know with what we wish to be so. We need systematic knowledge, based on evidence, rather than prejudices, hunches or faiths. Serious engagement with understanding our “deep history” takes us into the realms of anthropology, archaeology, natural history, geology, geography and political economy. It is a profoundly scientific endeavour—investigating the known facts, interrogating the evidence and assessing competing interpretations. It is also a profoundly philosop