Hyalomma anatolicum resistance against ivermectin and fipronil is associated with indiscriminate use of acaricides in so
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ARTHROPODS AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER
Hyalomma anatolicum resistance against ivermectin and fipronil is associated with indiscriminate use of acaricides in southwestern Balochistan, Pakistan Kashif Kamran 1 & Abid Ali 2
&
Cristian A Villagra 3 & Zahoor Ahmed Bazai 4 & Asim Iqbal 1 & Muhammad Sohail Sajid 5,6
Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ivermectin and fipronil have been used regularly to control the hard tick Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) in domestic ruminants for more than a half-decade in Balochistan, Pakistan. Inappropriate and indiscriminate use of these acaricides has resulted in the development of resistances in tick species. In this work, acaricides (ivermectin and fipronil) resistance was evaluated in H. anatolicum through in vitro and in vivo bioassays in a horse farm of Quetta, Balochistan province, Pakistan. A participatory epidemiological survey was conducted to assess potential risk factors associated with the development of acaricide resistance in H. anatolicum. The results of the epidemiological survey revealed that the horse keepers did not follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the use of acaricides and applied indiscriminate doses of acaricides. The results of in vitro bioassays (adult immersion test and larval immersion test) showed that fipronil and ivermectin have protective efficacy against H. anatolicum. The results of in vivo bioassay (adult-tick mortality assay) revealed that fipronil had a higher efficacy (78.16%) than ivermectin (49.94%). More than 80% of tick mortality was not achieved in any bioassays, even for the highest acaricide concentration (100 ppm), which suggests the development of acaricide resistance against fipronil and ivermectin. This study highlights the urgency to implement a country-wide awareness about resistance monitoring and effective tick control. Keywords Tick . Resistance . Acaricide . Horse . Balochistan
Introduction Among ectoparasite, ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are the most widespread zoonotic vectors and are recognized as a global
Section Editor: Boris R. Krasnov * Abid Ali [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
2
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
3
Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
4
Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
5
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
6
Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
threat to the public as well as the veterinary sector (Magnarelli 2009). The Hyalomma anatolicum (Koch, 1844) (Acari: Ixodidae) is a synanthropic hard-tick species infesting a wide range of vertebrate hosts (Ahmed et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2003). This tick is distributed worldwide, and its global threat both to the l
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