Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: a potential class of natural compounds for the management of lipid metabolism and obes
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Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: a potential class of natural compounds for the management of lipid metabolism and obesity Md Ashraful Alam1, Nusrat Subhan2, Hemayet Hossain3, Murad Hossain1, Hasan Mahmud Reza1, Md Mahbubur Rahman1 and M Obayed Ullah1*
Abstract Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives are important class of polyphenolic compounds originated from the MavolanateShikimate biosynthesis pathways in plants. Several simple phenolic compounds such as cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorgenic acid, and rosmarinic acid belong to this class. These phenolic compounds possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds were also showed potential therapeutic benefit in experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Recent evidences also suggest that they may serve as valuable molecule for the treatment of obesity related health complications. In adipose tissues, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives inhibit macrophage infiltration and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in obese animals. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives also reduce the expression of the potent proinflammatory adipokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and they increase the secretion of an anti-inflammatory agent adiponectin from adipocytes. Furthermore, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives also prevent adipocyte differentiation and lower lipid profile in experimental animals. Through these diverse mechanisms hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives reduce obesity and curtail associated adverse health complications. Keywords: Hydroxycinnamic acid, Obesity, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation
Background Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of non-communicable diseases includes central obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes are increasing day by day among children, young and elderly populations both in developed and developing countries [1–3]. A sedentary nature of jobs and high calorie diet mainly western style diet are the main causes of developing obesity and diabetes, consequently metabolic syndrome [1, 4]. Ever increasing obese and diabetes population are causing serious
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
problems for the management of health sector as well as increasing personal health risks [4]. Recent evidence also suggests that increased body fat mass causes cardiovascular diseases and increases morbidity and mortality in human [5, 6]. Dietary modification, for example decreasing the intake of high fat and high carbohydrate could be a possible way of reducing the risk of fat accumulation in the body. In addition, several dietary approaches such as Mediterranean diet or diet containing high amount of fibres, fruits and vegetables would be valuable for the prevention of
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