Hypoplasticity: A Framework to Model Granular Materials
To solve a series of problems, engineers are interested in the mechanical behaviour of materials (and geomaterials are, probably, the most fascinating materials). What are our approaches to detect the mechanical behaviour of materials? We approach by obse
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Series Editors: The Rectors of CISM Sandor Kaliszky - Budapest Mahir Sayir - Zurich Wilhelm Schneider - Wien The Secretary General of CISM Giovanni Bianchi - Milan Executive Editor Carlo Tasso - Udine
The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific and technical community results obtained in some of the activities organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES COURSES AND LECTURES -No. 385
BEHAVIOUR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS
EDITED BY BERNARD CAMBOU CENTRAL SCHOOL OF LYON
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Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
Le spese di stampa di questo volume sono in parte coperte da contributi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.
This volume contains 247 illustrations
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1998 by Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 1998 SPIN I 0682553
In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader.
ISBN 978-3-211-82920-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2526-7
ISBN 978-3-7091-2526-7 (eBook)
PREFACE
Granular materials are of great importance in civil engineering or in manufacturing processes whether they be granular soils, powder for compaction, powder for sintering, powder for ceramics, agricultural products (grains) or raw materials for industries. Due to their discontinuous nature, the behaviour of such materials is complex and their modelling is quite difficult. Many models have been proposed in the literature but some typical phenomena are not yet really taken into account (the role offabric, strain localization in shear band, etc, ... ). On the other hand, new methods such as the micromechanical approach (homogenization techniques, Distinct Element Method) have been developed in the last few years providing new poweiful tools for the modelling of granular media. Furthermore, modern technology stimulates these developments by requiring a more precise description of the behaviour of granular materials to be considered in numerical tools such as the Finite Element Method. The goal of this book is to propose the state of the art on the behaviour of granular materials considered in a dense state and submitted to static or dynamic loadings (rapid flow is not considered). Our purpose is to present the three complementary approaches which are: - experimental analyses which demonstrate the main features of the behaviour of granular materials; - micromechanical analysis using
