Impact of charged polarizable core on mobility of a soft particle embedded in a hydrogel medium
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Impact of charged polarizable core on mobility of a soft particle embedded in a hydrogel medium Sirsendu Sekhar Barman1 · Somnath Bhattacharyya1 · Partha P. Gopmandal2 · Hiroyuki Ohshima3 Received: 11 April 2020 / Revised: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Electrophoresis of a soft particle with a charged polarizable core is analyzed theoretically. The soft particle is embedded in an uncharged hydrogel medium. The hydrodynamics in both the gel medium and the soft layer encapsulating the hard core are governed by the Darcy-Brinkman model. We have considered the numerical model based on the conservation principle of mass, momentum, and ion flux, leading to a coupled set of partial differential equations. A simplified approach under the weak field and low charge density consideration is also proposed. The subtle nonlinear effects arising due to the polarization and relaxation of the double layer and the convective transport of counterions induced by the immobile charge of soft layer are elucidated. These nonlinear effects have negligible impact when the bulk ionic concentration becomes high. The simplified model under the weak field consideration is independent of the core dielectric permittivity. However, the numerical model shows a strong dependence on core permittivity when the applied electric field is moderate. We have also addressed the ion partitioning effect when the dielectric permittivity of the soft layer is different from the gel medium. This creates a counterion saturation in the soft layer, and hence an augmentation in the electrophoresis. Keywords Gel electrophoresis · Soft particle · Ion partitioning · Dielectric polarization · Nonlinear effects · Numerical method
Introduction Viruses represent well-defined composite core-shell nanoparticles. The viral capsid as well as the surrounding dielectric lipid bilayer that contains viral proteins polymer bears a net charge density [1]. Viral capsids or virus-like particles, which consists of hard core grafted with polymer shell have been designed as novel delivery vessels for genes and drugs [2, 3]. Several studies have established that the volumetric charge density and dielectric permittivity of a viral capsid significantly affect the electrostatic behavior of many type of viruses [1, 4, 5]. For example, the bacteriophage MS2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus Partha P. Gopmandal
[email protected] 1
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
2
Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India
3
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science Noda, Chiba, Japan
that infects the bacteria [6]. It is used as a model organism for a number of macromolecular processes including viral replication, translation, infection, and assembly. It is also used as an indicator virus in wastewater treatment. The size normally ra
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