Impact of congenital heart disease on outcomes among pediatric patients hospitalized for influenza infection
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Impact of congenital heart disease on outcomes among pediatric patients hospitalized for influenza infection Laxmi V. Ghimire1, Fu-Sheng Chou2 and Anita J. Moon-Grady3*
Abstract Background: Young children and those with chronic medical conditions are at risk for complications of influenza including cardiopulmonary compromise. Here we aim to examine risks of mortality, clinical complications in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) hospitalized for influenza. Methods: We analyzed data from in-hospital pediatric patients from 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2016 using the nationally representative Kids Inpatient Database (KID). We included children 1 year and older and used weighted data to compare the incidence of in-hospital mortality and rates of complications such as respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, need for mechanical ventilation, arrhythmias and myocarditis. Results: Data from the KID estimated 125,470 children who were admitted with a diagnosis of influenza infection. Out of those, 2174(1.73%) patients had discharge diagnosis of CHD. Children with CHD who required hospitalization for influenza had higher in-hospital mortality (2.0% vs 0.5%), with an adjusted OR (aOR) of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.7–4.5). Additionally, acute respiratory failure and acute kidney failure were more likely among patients with CHD, with aOR of 1.8 (95% CI: 1.5–2.2) and aOR of 2.2 (95% CI: 1.5–3.1), respectively. Similarly, the rate of mechanical ventilatory support was higher in patients with CHD compared to those without, 14.1% vs 5.6%, aOR of 1.9 (95% CI: 1.6–2.3). Median length of hospital stay in children with CHD was longer than those without CHD [4 (IQR: 2–8) days vs. 2 (IQR: 2–4) days]. Outcomes were similar between those with severe vs non-severe CHD. Conclusions: Children with CHD who require hospital admission for influenza are at significantly increased risk for in-hospital mortality, morbidities, emphasizing the need to reinforce preventative measures (e.g. vaccination, personal hygiene) in this particularly vulnerable population. Keywords: Influenza, Congenital heart disease, Kids’ inpatient database, Hospitalization, Pediatrics
Background Influenza infection generally presents as an acute selflimiting illness in healthy children, but it can cause significant morbidity and mortality in high-risk children. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated around 500,000 individuals were hospitalized, * Correspondence: [email protected] 3 Clinical Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
causing more than 34,000 deaths during the 2018–2019 influenza season [1]. Children
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