Impact of modularity as a circular design strategy on materials use for smart mobile devices
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Review Impact of modularity as a circular design strategy on materials use for smart mobile devices
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM—Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering, Berlin 13355, Germany Marina Proske, Fraunhofer IZM—Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering, Berlin 13355, Germany; and Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13355, Germany Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM—Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering, Berlin 13355, Germany Martin Schneider-Ramelow, Fraunhofer IZM, Berlin 13355, Germany; and Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13355, Germany Address all correspondence to Karsten Schischke at karsten.schischke@ izm.fraunhofer.de (Received 22 March 2019; accepted 31 October 2019)
ABSTRACT There is a huge variety of modular product designs for smartphones (concept studies, prototypes, products on the market), and a similarly high variety of circular economy aspects related to these different design approaches. Modularity requires initially more material input but pays off as the consumer is embracing the possibilities of modularity. Key materials for modularity features are gold, beryllium, and neodymium, etc. On the example of smartphones modularity as a strategy for circular design is analyzed in detail. Modularity of products is a design trend, which is supposed to facilitate reparability, recyclability, and/or upgradeability. However, modularity requires some design changes. The most evident design change is the need for connectors to provide mechanical and electrical contact between individual modules. Depending on the nature and use scenario of a connector reliability, robustness, wear resistance, and non-reactive surfaces are required. The paper explains different modularity approaches for smartphones, some of these being already available in the market, others are still in a conceptual phase. Analyzing technologies for modularity leads to a group of “modularity materials,” which are essential for such circular design approaches, but at the same time are among those materials with a large environmental footprint or limited recyclability. A life cycle assessment of a modular smartphone shows a roughly 10% higher environmental life cycle impact compared with a conventional design. This needs to be compensated by reaping the circular economy benefits of a modular design, i.e., higher likeliness of getting a broken device repaired, extending the lifetime through hardware upgrades and refurbishment. Keywords: Au; environmentally benign; government policy and funding; lifecycle; sustainability
DISCUSSION POINTS • H ow to predict user behavior (e.g., willingness to upgrade in a few years, willingness to perform simple repairs of high-tech products) for a disruptive product concept not yet introduced to the market (e.g., modular smartphones)? • H ow to define policy requirements setting the right incentives for circular design, considering trade-offs between different design strategies, such as design for reparability and durability? • In case, modular p
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