Impacts of Automation on Precision
Automation has significant impacts on the economy and the development and use of technology. In this chapter, the impacts of automation on precision, which also directly influences science, technology, and the economy, are discussed. As automation enables
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Impacts of Au 7. Impacts of Automation on Precision
Alkan Donmez, Johannes A. Soons
Automation has significant impacts on the economy and the development and use of technology. In this chapter, the impacts of automation on precision, which also directly influences science, technology, and the economy, are discussed. As automation enables improved precision, precision also improves automation. Following the definition of precision and the factors affecting it, the relationship between precision and automation is described. This chapter concludes with specific examples of how automation has improved the precision of manufacturing processes and manufactured products over the last decades.
7.4
Cost and Benefits of Precision................ 119
7.5
Measures of Precision ........................... 120
7.6
Factors That Affect Precision .................. 120
7.7
Specific Examples and Applications in Discrete Part Manufacturing .............. 7.7.1 Evolution of Numerical Control and Its Effects on Machine Tools and Precision .............................. 7.7.2 Enablers to Improve Precision of Motion .................................... 7.7.3 Modeling and Predicting Machine Behavior and Machining .. 7.7.4 Correcting Machine Errors .............. 7.7.5 Closed-Loop Machining (Automation-Enabled Precision) .... 7.7.6 Smart Machining ..........................
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121 122 122 122 123 124
7.1
What Is Precision? ................................ 117
7.2
Precision as an Enabler of Automation ... 118
7.8
7.3
Automation as an Enabler of Precision ... 119
References .................................................. 125
Conclusions and Future Trends .............. 124
7.1 What Is Precision?
. . . closeness of agreement between indications obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions.
In this definition, the specified conditions describe whether precision is associated with the repeatability or the reproducibility of the measurement process. Repeatability is the closeness of agreement between results of successive measurements of the same quantity carried out under the same conditions. These repeatability conditions include the measurement procedure, observer, instrument, environment, etc. Reproducibility is the closeness of the agreement between results of measurements carried out under changed measurement conditions. In computer science and mathematics, precision is often defined as a measure of the level of detail of a numerical quantity. This is usually expressed as the number of bits or decimal digits used to describe the quantity. In other areas, this aspect of precision is re-
Part A 7
Precision is the closeness of agreement between a series of individual measurements, values or results. For a manufacturing process, precision describes how well the process is capable of producing products with identical properties. The properties of interest can be the dimensions of the product, its shape, surface finish, color, weight, etc. For a device or instrument, p
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