Implicit-Function-Based Design and Additive Manufacturing of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Scaffolds for Bone Tissue
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JMEPEG https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04457-6
Implicit-Function-Based Design and Additive Manufacturing of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Yogesh Tripathi
, Mukul Shukla, and Amba D. Bhatt
(Submitted May 11, 2019; in revised form October 11, 2019) Regeneration or repairing an injured tissue using porous scaffolds, to rehabilitate the mechanical, biological and chemical actions, is one of the better options available, for tissue engineering and trauma cure. In this work, the nature-inspired gyroid architecture is selected for design of porous scaffolds. Implicit-functionbased modeling is performed to understand the basic geometric characteristics of this complex architecture. A study on the effect of tuning the offset parameter (t) used in the gyroid equation, on the scaffold porosity and specific surface area, is carried out. Further, gyroid scaffolds with varying porosities and interconnected pores are modeled and subsequently manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing (AM) technique, with polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. Results show that the function-based gyroid modeling is ideally suited for the design and AM of continuous porous scaffolds. Compression test is also conducted on AMed scaffolds to examine their load bearing ability. Tests reveal that the porous scaffolds have compressive strength equivalent of that of the human trabecular bone. Additionally, this study investigated in vitro, the cell viability of PLA gyroid scaffolds by measuring the cell proliferation after 48 and 72 h showing expected biocompatibility. In conclusion, the FDM manufactured gyroid scaffolds seem to be a viable alternative for bone tissue engineering applications. Keywords
additive manufacturing, bone scaffolds, compression behavior, gyroid, implicit surface modeling, in vitro, PLA
1. Introduction
mean curvature. Enneper–Weierstrass formula (Eq 1) gives the parametric form of a TPMS (Ref 4): Z x 9 > 1 s2 F ðsÞds > x ¼ Re eih > > > > Zx x > = ih 2 ðEq 1Þ i 1 þ s F ðsÞds y ¼ Re e > > > Zx x > > > > ; 2s F ðsÞds z ¼ Re eih x
Tissue engineering (TE) is a broad scientific subject that unifies cell biology, material science, engineering principles and regenerative medicine. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is related with the preparation of surrogate models that best mimic the host tissue. In this approach, porous scaffolds act as a provisional mechanical and vascular support to repair the damaged tissues (Ref 1). One of the vital tasks in TE is the design and manufacture of scaffolds. The small-scale pores inside the scaffold must be fully interconnected to supply suitable nutrients to the bone cells for direct formation and development of new bone cells. An ideal scaffold is one which is biomorphic to the tissue to be cured and is composed of a biodegradable material, thus reducing the need for revision surgery (Ref 2). Due to advancement in CAD and AM technologies, it is now possible to design and manufacture triply periodic minimal
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