Incorporating Textile-Derived Cellulose Fibers for the Strengthening of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate for 3D Print
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Incorporating Textile‑Derived Cellulose Fibers for the Strengthening of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate for 3D Printing Feedstock Materials Israel A. Carrete1,2 · Paulina A. Quiñonez1,2 · Diego Bermudez1,2 · David A. Roberson1,2 Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Unprecedented levels of production and consumption has led to solid waste accumulation in landfills and oceans. Two significant landfill constituents are textile waste and discarded plastic bottles. Since there is a finite amount of space available for landfill use, solutions that reuse these post-consumer products are imperative. The work presented here is a methodology for producing natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) from pseudo-raw materials. Post-consumer textile waste and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles were made compatible by way of surface modifications. Melt compounding was used to form a monofilament feedstock for extrusion-based 3D printing platforms. Hydrolysis and functionalization of cellulose fibers from white denim cloth was performed. It was found that adding recycled textile fibers to the recycled PET matrix had a toughening effect. Materials characterization involving dynamic mechanical analysis, attenuated total reflectance, impact testing, melt flow index, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to verify the efficacy of the functionalization process and to ascertain the robustness of the filler/matrix interface. The outcome is a demonstration of a feasible method for the repurposing of waste products for 3D printing applications. Keywords Fused deposition modeling · Plant fiber reinforcement · Additive manufacturing · Plastic recycling · Textile recycling
Introduction Humankind’s concern about post-consumer polymeric waste is rapidly growing as the environmental impact of discarded items becomes more and more obvious. As awareness of the impact of polymeric waste becomes more evident— considering the scale of the great oceanic garbage patches the size of the state of Texas [1]—several campaigns ranging from the municipal banning of plastic grocery bags, to the often berated banning of plastic drinking straws have arisen, indicating that attitudes concerning the environment are becoming less debatable and more accepted. Consumer * David A. Roberson [email protected] 1
Polymer Extrusion Lab, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
2
trends in the United States originated from a fear that a second Great Depression would occur if elevated production and consumption levels were not maintained in the post-war era [2]. Paired with advertisements that “psychologically conditioned” consumers into buying more, trends shifted from conservative practices to the consumerist practices that remain in place today [3]. As consumption increased, so did the accumula
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