Induced defects in iron phosphate nanosheets under different annealing atmospheres for enhanced photo-Fenton type photod
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Induced defects in iron phosphate nanosheets under different annealing atmospheres for enhanced photo-Fenton type photodecomposition of dye T. V. M. Sreekanth1
, K. Yoo2,*, and J. Kim1,*
1
Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 38534, Republic of Korea 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea
Received: 13 July 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 11 September 2020
In this work, iron phosphate (FePO4 or FP) nanosheets (NSs) were subjected to a direct high-temperature heating method in the air (FP-Air), argon (FP-Ar), and vacuum (FP-Vac) atmospheres. The conversion of FP NSs from amorphous to crystalline was confirmed using XRD and the induced defects due to the different annealing atmospheres were identified by Rietveld refinement of the XRD data. Valence XPS was used to determine the valence band maximum of these structures; the FP-Air sample was found to have the largest bandgap, while the FP-Vac sample had the narrowest bandgap. The three FP NSs samples were compared in terms of their ability to degrade crystal violet (CV), a cationic dye. The FP-Vac, FP-Ar, FP-Air samples were used as photo-Fenton type catalysts and catalytic efficiencies 83%, 77%, and 62% were achieved. This work suggests a new direction for the development of an inexpensive and highly efficient catalyst for the photo-Fenton reactions under solar light.
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
1 Introduction The rapid enhancement of environmental pollution, due to the ever-increasing population, has become one of the most significant issues globally. In general, industrial wastewater can contain a variety of organic pollutants and dyes that can cause serious damage to the environment, aquatic organism, and humans [1]. Crystal violet (CV) is a water-soluble cationic triarylmethane dye (TAMs), which is widely used in the
textile/dyeing, paper, ball-point pen, ink-jet printer, cosmetics, and leather industries [2]. Table S1 presents the chemical structure and relevant key physical properties of the CV dye. Long-term exposure to these dyes can cause vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, irritation to the respiratory tracts, gastrointestinal tract, and mucus membrane [3]. Furthermore, CV is a mutagen, mitotic poison, and toxic to mammalian cells [4]. There are several physical, chemical, biological methods such as coagulation/ flocculation [5]. Ozonization [6], membrane filtration
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04483-4
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron
(ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) [7], nanofiltration [8], electrochemical [9], adsorption/precipitation [10], and biodegradation [11] that have been extensively used to remove dyes from industrial effluents. However, these methods can be ineffective, expensive, cause secondary pollution, and/or produce a large quantity of sludge [12]. To overcome the disadvantages of co
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