Influence and interaction of iron and lead on seed germination in upland rice
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Influence and interaction of iron and lead on seed germination in upland rice Liling Wang & Bentong Liu & Yanbin Wang & Yuchuan Qin & Yifeng Zhou & Hua Qian
Received: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Aims Lead is a hazardous heavy metal pollutant present in the environment, and iron is an essential micronutrient with numerous cellular functions in normal physiology. However few studies have focused on the influence and interaction of lead and iron changes during plant growth. So the present study investigated the mechanism how lead and iron affected in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in order to clarify the relationship between iron and lead. Methods The seeds of upland rice were supplied with iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and Fe and Pb together, respectively. Then the seed germination, ion absorption, gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism and sugar utilization were determined. Results Lead treatment delayed upland rice seed germination, deactivated GA, inhibited GA signal transduction and increased ABA synthesis in the seed. In addition, the soluble sugar concentration in seeds was
reduced alongside reduction in the activity levels of αamylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) during the earlier stages, but these increased in a timedependent manner, reaching a stable level in response to lead-induced stress at 72 h. In contrast, iron alleviated the lead-induced changes in seed germination stage. Notably, the interaction between iron and lead increased GA signal transduction and inhibited ABA synthesis, whilst increasing starch hydrolysis and sugar consumption to augment rice seed germination. Conclusions The results suggest that iron (such as in iron fertilizers) may be promising additives for agricultural use, improving plant germination, whilst simultaneously reducing the toxicity of lead in widely contaminated soils. Keywords Upland rice . Seed germination . Heavy metals . Lead(Pb) . Iron (Fe) . Gibberellin (GA) metabolism . Soluble sugars
Responsible Editor: Miroslav Nikolic Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04680-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L. Wang : B. Liu : Y. Wang : Y. Qin (*) : H. Qian Forest Food Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China e-mail: [email protected] Y. Zhou (*) School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Upland rice is a type of cultivated rice with a strong tolerance to dry and barren soil, suitable for direct seeding and drought management in dry lands. Upland rice has a long history of cultivation and providing a rich variety of resources, although it was once considered endangered. Water shortages have been becoming increasingly common and severe in certain parts of the world (Williams 2010; Li et al. 2017). Therefore, there is a large dema
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