Infraorbital Region
The infraorbital region containing the infraorbital foramen and the infraorbital nerve is a relevant anatomical structure to clinical dentistry as well as to many other disciplines operating in the midface. Although rarely addressed in textbooks, the so-c
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Infraorbital Region
The infraorbital region is a component of the midface and can be defined as the anatomical area between the nasal aperture and the zygomatic bone below the inferior rim of the orbit and above the roots of the maxillary canine and premolars (Fig. 6.1). This area contains several clinically important structures including the infraorbital foramen (IOF), the infraorbital nerve (ION) and artery (IOA), and their various branches to the adjacent anatomical structures. A very important albeit lesser known structure that is rarely mentioned in anatomical textbooks is the canalis sinuosus that has a unique tortuous course within the facial wall of the maxillary sinus region. Multiple fields of medicine operate in the infraorbital region including dentistry, dermatology, maxillofacial surgery, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, and rhinology. The neurovascular bundle of the IOF is therefore frequently encountered in a host of procedures in the infraorbital
region including closure of simple lacerations, biopsies, scar revisions, cosmetic cutaneous procedures, oral and maxillofacial surgical interventions, and endoscopic maxillary sinus surgery. The identification and preservation of the ION in maxillofacial trauma, although at times challenging, are laudable goals. The most certain way to avoid damage to the ION is to understand the structures and spatial relationships in the region contiguous with the IOF (Cutright et al. 2003). The infraorbital space has been delineated as the area below the infraorbital foramen. The space is bounded by four facial muscles (Fig. 6.2), i.e., medially by the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, laterally by the levator anguli oris, at its superior margin by the origin of the levator labii superioris, and at its inferior margin by the orbicularis oris. The infraorbital space is covered by the levator labii superioris muscle (Chap. 2) (Hu et al. 2006).
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 T. von Arx, S. Lozanoff, Clinical Oral Anatomy, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41993-0_6
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6 Infraorbital Region
Fig. 6.1 Outline of infraorbital region (dotted area)
LLSAN
LLS
Infraorbital space
LLSAN LAO LLS OO
Fig. 6.2 Illustration of the facial muscles surrounding the infraorbital space. LAO levator anguli oris, LLS levator labii superioris, LLSAN levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, OO orbicularis oris
Infraorbital Canal
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coursing within the bone of the orbital floor. Haller’s cells are associated with headache, chronic nasal obstruction, and The so-called infraorbital groove-canal complex lies within mucoceles, increasing the risk of intraoperative complicathe floor of the orbit. Mean distances for the groove-canal tions during endonasal procedures (Raina et al. 2012). In a radiographic study with three-dimensional reconcomplex range from 25.4 to 31.9 mm (Table 6.1) (Figs. 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5). The groove is also known as the infraorbital struction of high-resolution CT images obtained from 100 sulcus. Further anteriorly, the lateral edge extends over t
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