Introduction

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Introduction Guest Editors: Lorenzo Valdevit University of California, Irvine, USA

Katia Bertoldi Harvard University, USA

James Guest Johns Hopkins University, USA

Christopher Spadaccini Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA

I. INTRODUCTION

Architected materials are multiphase and/or cellular materials in which the topological distribution of the phases is carefully controlled and optimized for speciﬁc functions or properties. Nearly two decades of research has resulted in the identiﬁcation of a number of topologically simple, easy to fabricate, well-established structures (including honeycombs and truss lattices), which have been optimized for speciﬁc stiffness and strength, impact and blast protection, sound absorption, wave dispersion, active cooling, and combinations thereof. Over the past few years, dramatic advances in processing techniques, including polymer-based templating [e.g., stereolithography, photopolymer waveguide prototyping, and two-photon polymerization (2PP)] and direct single- or multimaterial formation (e.g., direct laser sintering, deformed metal lattices, 3D weaving, and knitting), have enabled fabrication of new architected materials with complex geometry and remarkably precise control over the geometric arrangement of solid phases and voids from the nanometer to the centimeter scale. The ordered topologically complex nature of these materials and the degree of precision with which their features can now be deﬁned suggest the development of new multiphysics and multiscale modeling tools that can enable optimal designs. The result is efﬁcient multiscale cellular materials with unprecedented ranges of density, stiffness, strength, energy absorption, permeability, chemical reactivity, wave/matter interaction, and other multifunctional properties, which promise dramatic advances across important technology areas such as lightweight structures, functional coatings, bioscaffolds,

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.18

catalyst supports, photonic/phononic systems, and other applications. Some of the most exciting recent developments in this ﬁeld are the exploration of size effects in the development of nano-architected materials with superior combinations of properties, the investigation of geometrically complex unit cell architectures that enable nonlinear effective mechanical response from linear–elastic materials, novel manufacturing approaches with increased resolution and scalability, and improved design optimization tools. Here, we brieﬂy review some recent progress in these areas and conclude with some thoughts about opportunities for future development. The collection of articles in this focus issue is a wonderful exposure to some of the latest original studies in this ﬁeld. II. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE FIELD A. Size effects in nano-architected materials

Accurate control of chemistry and microstructure has been the established route for materials development for centuries. The design of architected materials, whereby the geometrical arrangement of matter is optimized for speciﬁc combinations

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