Isolation of wells contaminated by tannery industries using principal component analysis
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Isolation of wells contaminated by tannery industries using principal component analysis Colins Johnny Jesudhas 1 Kirubakaran Muniraj 2
&
Sashikkumar Madurai Chidambaram 1 &
Received: 23 June 2016 / Accepted: 27 June 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract The groundwater in the upper Kodaganar basin is contaminated due to the discharge of effluents from tannery industries. The water in the wells, whose physico-chemical characteristics are altered due to the influence of the effluents, is statistically analyzed. The physico-chemical variables such as EC, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, F−, Cl−, HCO3−,CO32−, NO3−, SO42−, pH, and Crtotal were used for this study. An attempt was made to identify the contaminated wells based on suitability for drinking, suitability for industrial requirements, and through principal component analysis (PCA). Classification based on suitability helped in identifying the contaminated wells. However, this resulted in failure when identifying the wells that are contaminated by tanneries. PCA has proved to be effective in the segregation of contaminated wells influenced by tannery industries. The physico-chemical variables that are 13 in number are transformed into two orthogonal components and Eigen values based on the variance. The Eigen values are used to select the first two principal components PC1 (7.26) and PC2 (2.24) that accounted for 73.04% variance in the data. The components of the variables and the wells are plotted in a biplot to isolate the contaminated
* Colins Johnny Jesudhas [email protected] Sashikkumar Madurai Chidambaram [email protected] Kirubakaran Muniraj [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, University VOC College of Engineering, Anna University (Thoothukudi campus), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
samples. The contaminated samples are analyzed in the spatial domain in geographic information system and found to be clustered around the tannery belt. The study reveals that 35% of the samples are contaminated due to discharge from tannery industries. Keywords Groundwater . Industrial suitability . IDW . PCA . Contamination
Introduction Evaluation of quality of water resources is important due to the increasing population, growing industries, and demanding agricultural activities. Vagaries in monsoon cause the surface water to be precarious and compel the people to depend on groundwater resources. Quality of groundwater is an important measure for utilizing it for the demand. Changes caused by the natural and anthropogenic activities in the concentration of certain chemical constituents may alter the groundwater suitability (Vasanthavigar et al. 2009). However, quality is centered on the physico-chemical parameters that are influenced by weathering activity of source rocks and anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic activities like irrigation practices and industrial practices cause pollution and form a crucial fact
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