Ketamine can be produced by Pochonia chlamydosporia : an old molecule and a new anthelmintic?
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Parasites & Vectors Open Access
RESEARCH
Ketamine can be produced by Pochonia chlamydosporia: an old molecule and a new anthelmintic? Sebastiao Rodrigo Ferreira1,2, Alan Rodrigues T. Machado3,4, Luís Fernando Furtado1,5, Jose Hugo de S. Gomes6, Raquel M. de Almeida1, Thiago de Oliveira Mendes7, Valentina N. Maciel3, Fernando Sergio Barbosa1, Lorendane M. Carvalho8, Lilian Lacerda Bueno1, Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu1, Jackson Victor de Araújo8, Elida M. L. Rabelo1, Rodrigo Maia de Pádua6, Lucia Pinheiro Santos Pimenta3 and Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara1*
Abstract Background: Infection by nematodes is a problem for human health, livestock, and agriculture, as it causes deficits in host health, increases production costs, and incurs a reduced food supply. The control of these parasites is usually done using anthelmintics, which, in most cases, have not been fully effective. Therefore, the search for new molecules with anthelmintic potential is necessary. Methods: In the present study, we isolated and characterized molecules from the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia and tested these compounds on three nematodes: Caenorhabditis elegans; Ancylostoma ceylanicum; and Ascaris suum. Results: The ethyl acetate extract showed nematicidal activity on the nematode model C. elegans. We identified the major substance present in two sub-fractions of this extract as ketamine. Then, we tested this compound on C. elegans and the parasites A. ceylanicum and A. suum using hamsters and mice as hosts, respectively. We did not find a difference between the animal groups when considering the number of worms recovered from the intestines of animals treated with ketamine (6 mg) and albendazole (P > 0.05). The parasite burden of larvae recovered from the lungs of mice treated with ketamine was similar to those treated with ivermectin. Conclusions: The results presented here demonstrate the nematicidal activity of ketamine in vitro and in vivo, thus confirming the nematicidal potential of the molecule present in the fungus P. chlamydosporia may consist of a new method of controlling parasites. Keywords: Pochonia chlamydosporia, New drugs, Nematicidal molecule, Ketamine Background Nematode infection is a problem for human health, as it contributes negatively to growth and cognitive development. In animal production and agriculture, damages *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270‑901, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
go beyond organic deficits because they incur increased production costs and consequently a reduced food supply [1–3]. The control of these parasites is usually carried out using anthelmintics that, in most cases, have not been totally effective. In addition, resistance to the main group of drugs used in the treatment and control is already a consolidated problem [4]. Thus, the search for new drugs and control alternativ
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