Knowledge in Formation A Computational Theory of Interpretation

Humans have an extraordinary capability to combine different types of information in a single meaningful interpretation. The quickness with which interpretation processes evolve suggests the existence of a uniform procedure for all domains. In this book t

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Editorial Board: A. Bundy J. G. Carbonell M. Pinkal H. Uszkoreit M. Veloso W. Wahlster M. J. Wooldridge

Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Franz Baader Wolfgang Bibel Leonard Bolc Craig Boutilier Ron Brachman Bruce G. Buchanan Anthony Cohn Artur d’Avila Garcez Luis Fari˜nas del Cerro Koichi Furukawa Georg Gottlob Patrick J. Hayes James A. Hendler Anthony Jameson Nick Jennings Aravind K. Joshi Hans Kamp Martin Kay Hiroaki Kitano Robert Kowalski Sarit Kraus Maurizio Lenzerini Hector Levesque John Lloyd

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Janos J. Sarbo • Jozsef I. Farkas Auke J.J. van Breemen

Knowledge in Formation A Computational Theory of Interpretation

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Janos J. Sarbo Jozsef I. Farkas Auke J.J. van Breemen Radboud University Faculty of Science Institute for Computing and Information Heijendaalseweg 135 6525AJ Nijmegen Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Managing Editors Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Department of Computer Science King’s College London Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK

Prof. Dr. J¨org Siekmann Forschungsbereich Deduktions- und Multiagentensysteme, DFKI Stuhlsatzenweg 3, Geb. 43 66123 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany

Cognitive Technologies ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-642-17088-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17089-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17089-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930853 ACM Computing Classification: I.2 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: K¨unkelLopka GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface With knowledge representation we face more or less the same problem as Augustine (354–430) when thinking about time: if nobody asks what it is, it seems clear enough, but being asked it proves to