Laboratory True Triaxial Hydraulic Fracturing of Granite Under Six Fluid Injection Schemes and Grain-Scale Fracture Obse
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Laboratory True Triaxial Hydraulic Fracturing of Granite Under Six Fluid Injection Schemes and Grain‑Scale Fracture Observations Li Zhuang1 · Sung Gyu Jung2 · Melvin Diaz3 · Kwang Yeom Kim3 · Hannes Hofmann4 · Ki‑Bok Min5 · Arno Zang4 · Ove Stephansson4 · Günter Zimmermann4 · Jeoung‑Seok Yoon6 Received: 26 January 2020 / Accepted: 3 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Laboratory hydraulic fracturing tests on cubic granite specimens with a side length of 100 mm were performed under true triaxial stress conditions combined with acoustic emission monitoring. Six different injection schemes were applied to investigate the influence of the injection scheme on hydraulic performance and induced seismicity during hydraulic fracturing. Three of these schemes are injection rate controlled: constant rate continuous injection (CCI), stepwise rate continuous injection (SCI), and cyclic progressive injection (CPI); the other three are pressurization rate controlled: stepwise pressurization (SP), stepwise pulse pressurization (SPP) and cyclic pulse pressurization (CPP). The test results show that the SPP scheme achieves the highest increase in injectivity among the six schemes. The CPI scheme generates the lowest induced seismicity while the improvement in injectivity is the least pronounced. The CPP scheme allows increasing injectivity and decreasing induced seismicity, and is suggested as a promising alternative injection scheme for field applications. Thin section microscopic observations of fractured specimens show that intragranular fractures splitting microcline, orthoclase and quartz grains dominate the hydraulic fractures independent of the injection scheme. The SPP scheme creates the largest fracture length, which explains the highest injectivity value among all schemes. Tests with relatively low magnitude of maximum AE amplitude correspond to short fracture length and small portions of intragranular fractures in microcline grains. Quartz grains are more fractured than microcline and orthoclase grains, and quartz chips (natural proppants) are frequently observed adjacent to hydraulic fractures. The laboratory test results show the potential for hydraulic fracture growth control in field applications by advanced fluid injection schemes, i.e. cyclic pulse pressurization of granitic rock mass. Keywords Injection scheme · Cyclic hydraulic fracturing · Pulse pressurization · Injectivity · Induced seismicity · Thin section microscopy * Li Zhuang [email protected] * Kwang Yeom Kim [email protected] 1
Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Korea
2
University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
3
Korea Maritime and Ocean University (formerly at Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology), Busan 49112, Korea
4
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
5
Department of Energy Resources Engineering and Research Institute of Energy and Resou
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