Machine intelligence for nerve conduit design and production
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(2020) 14:25
REVIEW
Open Access
Machine intelligence for nerve conduit design and production Caleb E. Stewart1* , Chin Fung Kelvin Kan2, Brody R. Stewart3, Henry W. Sanicola III1, Jangwook P. Jung4, Olawale A. R. Sulaiman5,6* and Dadong Wang7*
Abstract Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have emerged from recent advances within tissue engineering as a promising alternative to autografts for peripheral nerve repair. NGCs are tubular structures with engineered biomaterials, which guide axonal regeneration from the injured proximal nerve to the distal stump. NGC design can synergistically combine multiple properties to enhance proliferation of stem and neuronal cells, improve nerve migration, attenuate inflammation and reduce scar tissue formation. The aim of most laboratories fabricating NGCs is the development of an automated process that incorporates patient-specific features and complex tissue blueprints (e.g. neurovascular conduit) that serve as the basis for more complicated muscular and skin grafts. One of the major limitations for tissue engineering is lack of guidance for generating tissue blueprints and the absence of streamlined manufacturing processes. With the rapid expansion of machine intelligence, high dimensional image analysis, and computational scaffold design, optimized tissue templates for 3D bioprinting (3DBP) are feasible. In this review, we examine the translational challenges to peripheral nerve regeneration and where machine intelligence can innovate bottlenecks in neural tissue engineering. Keywords: Bioprinting, Data science, Tissue engineering, Computer vision, Nerve regeneration, Machine learning, Artificial intelligence
Background—critical challenges in (re)innervation Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) are a common source of disability that originate from traumatic, nontraumatic, and iatrogenic causes [1–3]. Advancements made in tissue engineering have led to the emergence of nerve guidance conduits (NGC) that offer a promising replacement for autografts [4]. Nerve guides are tubular biostructures designed to house growth factors and neural progenitor stem cells in a microenvironment conducive * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Current Affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA 5 Ochsner Neural Injury & Regeneration Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA 7 Quantitative Imaging Research Team, Data 61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Marsfield, NSW 2122, Australia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
for nerve regeneration. Many challenges exist in clinical research to produce a conduit that meets or exceeds the performance of autografts for treatment of short and long gap nerve injuries. From a clinical research standpoint, Sun et al. have documented a recent rise in randomized control trials (RCTs) for peripheral nerve repair but suboptimal quality of systematic review
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