Machine Learning on Contact Angles of Liquid Metals and Solid Oxides
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ontact angles of ceramics and liquid metals represent the wettability of a liquid metal on a ceramic. It is an important factor in various fields of high temperature material science and manufacturing. For example, the wettability of silica by liquid silicon plays an important role in single crystal silicon production.[1] In steel production process, it can affect the agglomeration of non-metallic inclusions in molten steel, which is directly related with clean steel production.[2,3] In addition, it gives significant influence in the ‘‘oxide metallurgy’’ field, where a small contact angle of a steel and an oxide is preferred to uniformly distribute micro-oxides in steel to work as nucleation cites.[4] Contact angle is also an important parameter to evaluate the adhesion work of a metal/oxide interface, which is described in Young–Dupre´ equation as follows:
LI ZUO is with the School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China and also with the Foreign Studies College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China. PEIYUAN NI and YING LI are with the Key Laboratory of Ecological Metallurgy of Multi-metal Intergrown Ores of Education Ministry, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] TOSHIHIRO TANAKA is with the Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Manuscript submitted June 3, 2020; accepted October 15, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
Wad ¼ rLV ð1 þ cos hSL Þ
½1
where rLV is the surface tension of a liquid, hSL is the contact angle of a liquid and a solid. The adhesion work can reflect the strength of metal/ceramic bonds,[5] which is the energy required to reversibly separate the interface to form two new surfaces. The information of adhesion work is very important for the joining of dissimilar materials in various fields, such as solid oxide fuel cells, ceramic supported catalysts, thermal barrier coatings, metal-ceramic structural joining, and so on.[5–10] In the past, contact angles of liquid metals and solid ceramics have been vastly investigated. Temperature was found to be an important parameter affecting the contact angle value.[11] Furthermore, contact angle is very sensitive to oxygen partial pressure in the measurement environment. This is due to that oxygen is an interface or surface active element.[5] The adsorption of oxygen at the interface or surface can generally lower the interfacial or surface energy. Therefore, contact angle measurements of metals and oxides must strictly control temperature and oxygen partial pressure. This imposes some experimental difficulties, since a low oxygen partial pressure is difficult to be accurately guaranteed during the whole measuring process. In addition, impurities, both in metals and in ceramics, and surface condition of a solid could also influence contact angle values. In a summary, contact angle is an important parameter in material manufacturing. However, its measurement requires much care
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