Magnesium-sulfur battery: its beginning and recent progress
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Magnesium–sulfur battery: its beginning and recent progress Zhirong Zhao-Karger, Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany Maximilian Fichtner, Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Address all correspondence to M. Fichtner at m.fi[email protected] (Received 8 July 2017; accepted 13 September 2017)
Abstract Rechargeable magnesium (Mg) battery has been considered as a promising candidate for future battery generations because of its potential high-energy density, its safety features and low cost. The challenges lying ahead for the realization of Mg battery in general are to develop proper electrolytes fulfilling a multitude of requirements and to discover cathode materials enabling high-energy Mg batteries. The combination of Mg anode with a sulfur cathode is one of the promising electrochemical couples due to its advantages of safety, low costs, and a high theoretical energy density of over 3200 Wh/L. However, the research on magnesium–sulfur (Mg–S) battery is just at its beginning and the development of suitable electrolytes has been the key challenge for further improvement, and, thus, in the focus of recent research. In this review, we highlight the recent progress achieved in Mg electrolytes and Mg–S batteries and discuss the major technical issues, which must be resolved for the improvement of Mg–S batteries.
Introduction Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is the dominant technology for electrical energy storage in various applications such as portable electronics and electric vehicles. While unrivaled in their performance, the current LIBs are approaching their capacity limits of the intercalation compounds and there are also concerns about safety and the resource situation.[1–3] For example, concerns have been raised that the world’s cobalt (Co) resources and reserves may not be sufficient to enable a global electromobility even when Co-poor next generation NMC materials (i.e., NMC 622 and 811) will be used.[4] All these reasons have led to an increasing interest in batteries based on alternative chemistries, which are not based on Li anymore and an increasing attention is focusing on new battery systems beyond lithium that possess higher energy density, consist of low-cost materials, and are safer and long lasting.
the high abundance of Mg element in the earth crust and its ready availability in various minerals all over the globe, e.g., as dolomite (CaCO3·MgCO3) or as magnesite (MgCO3). Currently, the introduction of Mg batteries is impeded by several technical obstacles, such as the lack of an electrolyte, which is cost-effective, efficient, and chemically compatible with the electrode materials. In addition, the quest for practical cathodes offering high capacity and energy density is ongoing. So far, only a few types of conventional intercalation materials have been identified that are capable of storing Mg2+ ions reversibly.[8
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