Management of sinonasal adenocarcinomas with anterior skull base extension
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TOPIC REVIEW
Management of sinonasal adenocarcinomas with anterior skull base extension Marco Ferrari1,4 · Paolo Bossi2 · Davide Mattavelli1 · Laura Ardighieri3 · Piero Nicolai4 Received: 8 October 2019 / Accepted: 27 December 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Introduction Sinonasal adenocarcinomas (SNAC) are rare and heterogeneous. Management of SNAC follows a rather standardized and internationally accepted paradigm. Several refinements have been introduced during the last decade. Methods A narrative review of most updated literature on SNACs has been conducted. Results SNACs are classified as intestinal-type and non-intestinal-type, which are further categorized according to grade. Preoperative work-up should include magnetic resonance imaging (or contrast-enhanced computed tomography as a secondary or complementary choice) and biopsy under general anesthesia, or under local anesthesia in case of a history of exposure to wood and/or leather dust. Positron emission tomography, neck ultrasound, and fine-needle aspiration cytology are indicated in selected cases. Surgery represents the most common upfront modality of treatment and is usually accomplished via a transnasal endoscopic approach. Adjuvant radiation therapy is indicated for high-grade, locally advanced tumors and/ or in case of margins involvement. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin may offer high response rates and long-term control in a subgroup of patients affected by intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, and in particular in those whose tumors harbor a functional p53 protein. Most of the bio- and immune-therapeutic potentials on SNACs still remain theoretical, and no clinical data are currently available. Conclusions Management of SNAC consists of histological diagnosis, radiological staging, radical surgery, and adjuvant radiation therapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be indicated in selected cases. The role of biotherapy and immune therapy still needs to be elucidated. Keywords Sinonasal · Adenocarcinoma · Skull base · Surgery · Radiotherapy · Chemotherapy
Introduction
* Marco Ferrari [email protected] 1
Unit of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
2
Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
3
Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
4
Section of Otorhinolaryngology ‑ Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract often involve the anterior skull base, and thus their surgical management requires the combined expertise of otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons. Sinonasal adenocarcinomas (SNAC) are thought to arise from respiratory epitheli
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