Manufactured Textile Fibers
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TEXTILE BACKGROUND
The first conversion of naturally occurring fibers into threads strong enough to be looped into snares, knitted to form nets, or woven into fabrics is lost in prehistory. Unlike stone weapons, such threads, cords, and fabricsbeing organic in nature-have in most part disappeared, although in some dry caves traces remain. There is ample evidence to indicate that spindles used to assist in the twisting of fibers together had been developed long before the dawn of recorded history. In that spinning process, fibers such as wool were drawn out of a loose mass, perhaps held in a distaff, and made parallel by human fingers. (A maidservant so spins in Giotto's The Annunciation to Anne, ca. A.D. 1306, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy.l) A rod (spindle), hooked to the lengthening thread, was rotated *College of Textiles, North Carolina State University. tThe author dedicates this chapter to the memory of late Dr. Robert W. Work, Professor Emeritus, a longtime friend and mentor. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance he has received from associates both from within the College of Textiles and from outside, including several fiber producing companies, in preparing this chapter.
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Riegel Handbook ofIndustrial Chemistry, I Oth Edition
Edited by Kent. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 2003
so that the fibers while so held were twisted together to form additional thread. The finished length then was wound by hand around the spindle, which, in becoming the core on which the finished product was accumulated, served the dual role of twisting and storing, and, in so doing, established a principle still in use today. (Even now, a "spindle" is 14,400 yards of coarse linen thread.) Thus, the formation of any threadlike structure became known as spinning, and it followed that a spider spins a web, a silkworm spins a cocoon, and manufactured fibers are spun by extrusion, although norotation is involved. It is not surprising that words from this ancient craft still carry specialized meanings within the textile industry and have entered everyday parlance, quite often with very different meanings. Explanations are in order for some of the words used in the following pages. For example, as already indicated, "spinning" describes either the twisting of a bundle of essentially parallel short pieces of wool, cotton, or precut manufactured fibers into thread or the extrusion of continuous long lengths of manufactured fibers. In the former case, the short lengths are known as "staple" fibers, and 755
756 RIEGEL'S HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
TABLE 21.1 Typical (Average) Values of Tensile and Physical Properties of Some Textile Fibers Breaking Stress (cN/tex)
Strain to Fail (%)
Moisture Regain(%)
Density (glee)
Natural Cotton Flax Silk Wool
40 54 38 14
7 3 23 40
8 12 11 14
1.52 1.52 1.33 1.30
Regenerated Acetate Rayon
13 25
25 20
6 14
1.32 1.51
Synthetic Acrylic Modacrylic Nylon Polyester Polypropylene
26 28 50 50 53
25 32 25 15 17
Fiber
1.5 1.5 4 0.4 0
1.18 1.32 1.14 1.38 0.92
the res
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