Markov property
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MANPOWER PLANNING
Mean absolute deviation.
David J. Bartholomew The London School of Economics and Political Science
MAINTENANCE Igor Ushakov QUALCOMM, San Diego, California Maintenance is the support of successful system operation during long periods of usage by means of: (1) regular or sample check-ups; (2) planned or preventive replacement of the system's units; (3) failure diagnosis; and/or (4) spare units supply. Operations research models for a system maintenance analysis are represented mainly by optimization models for the improvement of system and equipment reliability. For (1) and (2), one usually uses methods of controlled stochastic processes. For (3), one uses special methods based on mathematical logic, while ( 4) is considered in the scope of optimal redundancy and inventory control.
See Airline industry operations research; Inventory modeling.
Reference [1] Ushakov, I.A., ed. (1994). Handbook of Reliability Engineering, Wiley, New York.
MAKESPAN See Sequencing and scheduling.
MALCOLM BALDRIDGE AWARD See Total quality management.
MANHATTAN METRIC See Location analysis.
INTRODUCTION: Manpower (or, human resource) planning is concerned with the quantitative aspects of the supply of and demand for people in employment. At one extreme this might include the whole working population of a country but it has been most successful when applied to smaller, more homogeneous systems like individual firms or professions. The term manpower planning appears to date from the 1960s though many of the ideas can be traced back much further. A history of the subject from a UK perspective will be found in Smith and Bartholomew (1988). The literature of the subject is very scattered reflecting the diverse disciplinary origins of the practitioners but most of the technical material is to be found in the journals of operations research, probability and statistics. There was an initial surge of publication in the late 1960s and early 1970s and since then book length treatments include Grinold and Marshall (1977), Vajda (1978) and Bennison and Casson (1984). Bartholomew, Forbes and McClean (1991) gives a thorough coverage of the technical material and contains an extensive bibliography. The essence of manpower planning is summed up in the aphorism that its aim is to have the right numbers of people of the right kinds in the right places at the right time. The basic approach is first to classify the members of a system in relevant ways. These will often be on the basis of such things as grade, salary level, sex, qualifications and job title. The state of the system at any point in time can then be described by the numbers in these categories, often referred to as the stocks. Over time, changes occur as individuals join, leave the system or move within it. The numbers making these transitions are called the flows. The factors giving rise to change may be predictable or unpredictable but will include such ~hings as individual decisions to leave, changes m demand for goods, management decisions on promotion or organizati
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