Mechanisms and variances of rotation-induced brain injury: a parametric investigation between head kinematics and brain
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mechanisms and variances of rotation‑induced brain injury: a parametric investigation between head kinematics and brain strain Kewei Bian1 · Haojie Mao1,2 Received: 23 March 2019 / Accepted: 12 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract There lacks a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between head kinematics and brain strain especially deep-brain strain, partially resulting the deficiency of understanding brain injury mechanisms and the difficulty of choosing appropriate brain injury metrics. Hence, we simulated 76 impacts that were focused on concussion-relevant rotational kinematics and evaluated cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) and average strain that could represent brain strain distribution. For the whole brain, axial rotation induced the highest CSDM, while lateral bending produced the lowest CSDM. However, for the deep-brain components, lateral bending produced the highest CSDM to the corpus callosum and thalamus. We further confirmed that brain strain was mainly produced by rotational kinematics, for which the effect of rotational deceleration could not be ignored with the deceleration influencing CSDM20 up to 27%. Our data supported that peak rotational velocity correlated to brain strain with an average R2 of 0.77 across various impact directions and different shapes of loading curves. The correlation between peak rotational velocity and brain strain reached to an average R2 of 0.99 for each specific impact direction. Our results supported using direction-specific peak rotation velocity for predicting strain-related brain injury. Additionally, we highlighted the importance of investigating whole-brain and deep-brain strain, as well as considering rotational deceleration. Keywords Concussion · Injury mechanism · Impact direction · Rotational velocity · Injury metric
1 Introduction There are 1.6–3.8 million sports-related Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) including concussions in USA alone (Langlois et al. 2006). Concussion induces symptoms such as memory loss, cognitive deficits, and balance disturbances (Guskiewicz et al. 2007; McCrory et al. 2009). Nowadays, concussion is widely investigated using clinical, pathological, and biomechanical methods (Guskiewicz and Mihalik 2011; McCrory et al. 2009). For biomechanical methods, both experimental methods and finite element (FE) models are extensively used to explore the tissue-level responses
* Haojie Mao [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
2
of the brain due to impacts (Kleiven 2007; Post et al. 2012; Sanchez et al. 2018). Concussion has been demonstrated to be related to linear and rotational head kinematics. Pellman et al. reported that concussive players experienced peak linear acceleration of 98 ± 28 g (Pellman et al. 2003b). The peak linear acceleration ranged from 61 to 144 g (Zhang et al.
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