Modeling pupil responses to rapid sequential events
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Modeling pupil responses to rapid sequential events Rachel N. Denison 1 & Jacob A. Parker 1,2 & Marisa Carrasco 1
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Pupil size is an easily accessible, noninvasive online indicator of various perceptual and cognitive processes. Pupil measurements have the potential to reveal continuous processing dynamics throughout an experimental trial, including anticipatory responses. However, the relatively sluggish (~2 s) response dynamics of pupil dilation make it challenging to connect changes in pupil size to events occurring close together in time. Researchers have used models to link changes in pupil size to specific trial events, but such methods have not been systematically evaluated. Here we developed and evaluated a general linear model (GLM) pipeline that estimates pupillary responses to multiple rapid events within an experimental trial. We evaluated the modeling approach using a sample dataset in which multiple sequential stimuli were presented within 2-s trials. We found: (1) Model fits improved when the pupil impulse response function (PuRF) was fit for each observer. PuRFs varied substantially across individuals but were consistent for each individual. (2) Model fits also improved when pupil responses were not assumed to occur simultaneously with their associated trial events, but could have non-zero latencies. For example, pupil responses could anticipate predictable trial events. (3) Parameter recovery confirmed the validity of the fitting procedures, and we quantified the reliability of the parameter estimates for our sample dataset. (4) A cognitive task manipulation modulated pupil response amplitude. We provide our pupil analysis pipeline as open-source software (Pupil Response Estimation Toolbox: PRET) to facilitate the estimation of pupil responses and the evaluation of the estimates in other datasets. Keywords Pupillometry . Model . Pupil response function . Temporal attention . PRET
Introduction Pupil size depends strongly on light levels, but it also covaries with an array of perceptual and cognitive processes—from attention to memory to decision making (for recent reviews, see Binda & Gamlin, 2017; Ebitz & Moore, 2018; Mathôt, 2018; Wang & Munoz, 2015). Pupil size can be measured noninvasively and continuously, making pupillometry a promising tool for probing the ongoing dynamics linked to Rachel N. Denison and Jacob A. Parker contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01368-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rachel N. Denison [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
2
Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
these processes. The pupil dilates in response to taskrelevant stimuli (Hoeks & Levelt, 1993; Kang, Huffer, & W
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