Modular design of paper based switches for autonomous lab-on paper micro devices
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Modular design of paper based switches for autonomous lab-on paper micro devices Yashodeep Patil 1 & Kevin Dotseth 1 & Theodore Shapiro 1 & Dhakshenan Pushparajan 1 & Stephen Binderup 1 & James R. Horn 2 & Venumadhav Korampally 1 Accepted: 11 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This paper presents a new approach towards the design of paper based autonomous microfluidic devices. Autonomy in the device operation is achieved through the incorporation of mechanically actuated microfluidic switches that are versatile in their design and may be configured to be simple time triggered ON or OFF switches or more complex switches that can be timed to be in multiple states (timed ON, followed by timed OFF). These switches are self-contained and require no external power for their operation, deriving their functionality solely through stored elastic energy. This paper presents the design and fabrication of these switches as fluidic analogs of electronic transistors, and their integration into microfluidic paper based circuit demonstrating their operation as a programmable paper-based microfluidic device. Keywords Paper based microfluidics . Microfluidic valves . Lab-on-paper . Autonomous microfluidics
1 Introduction The development of lateral flow immunoassay formats has led to a burgeoning growth in the field of point-of-care diagnostics over the last few decades. Beyond the vastly popularized home pregnancy test strips, lateral flow immunoassays are now finding applications in a wide variety of fields, including point-of-care detection of infectious diseases (Magro et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2019), hormones (Ozhikandathil et al. 2017) and metabolites in biological fluids (Lepowsky et al. 2017), food borne pathogen detection (Luo et al. 2018) and even in environmental monitoring (Meredith et al. 2016). The popularity of these devices stems from their simplistic construction, relying primarily on ‘paper’ as the essential substrate through which the fluid flow occurs as well as the detection. As the entire device is built from paper, these devices are extremely inexpensive, and could be easily disbursed to resource limited remote locations.
* Venumadhav Korampally [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, EB 340, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
2
Department of Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
The early designs, while attractive, had their shortcomings. In particular, the relatively simplistic construction could not effectively regulate fluid flow, thereby severely limiting the scope of these devices to simple biological assays. Often, most biological assays, for example, ELISA require complex multistep fluid processing steps that these devices simply could not accommodate (Fu and Downs 2017). Further, the early lateral flow assay based diagnostic strips were primarily meant to be qualitative assays and suffered from relatively low sensitivities. For the performance of multi-step complex biological assays
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