Molecular phylogenies challenge the classification of Polymastiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae) based on morphology
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular phylogenies challenge the classification of Polymastiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae) based on morphology Alexander Plotkin 1 & Oliver Voigt 2 & Endre Willassen 3 & Hans Tore Rapp 1,4
Received: 13 January 2016 / Accepted: 7 August 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Polymastiidae Gray, 1867 is a worldwide distributed sponge family, which has a great significance for understanding of the demosponge deep phylogeny since the former order Hadromerida Topsent, 1894 has been recently split based on the molecular evidence and a new separate order has been established for the polymastiids. However, molecular data obtained from Polymastiidae so far are scarce, while the phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphology has faced a deficit of characters along with the vagueness of their states. The present study is a phylogenetic reconstruction of Polymastiidae based on novel data on two molecular markers, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and large subunit ribosomal DNA, obtained from a broad set of species. Monophyly of the family and nonmonophyly of four polymastiid genera are revealed, suggesting a high level of homoplasy of morphological characters, which are therefore not an appropriate base for the natural classification of Polymastiidae. Although the presented phylogenies cannot yet provide an alternative Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13127-016-0301-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Alexander Plotkin [email protected]
1
Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
2
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
3
Natural History Collections, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Postbox 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
4
Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
classification scheme, several strongly supported clades, which may be used as reference points in future classification, are recovered and three taxonomic actions are proposed: transfer of one species from Radiella to Polymastia Bowerbank, 1862; transfer of three species from Radiella Schmidt, 1870 to Spinularia Gray, 1867; and the consequent abandonment of Radiella. Keywords Phylogeny . Homoplasy . Polymastiidae . CO1 . 28S rDNA
Introduction Polymastiidae Gray (1867), with its 122 species from 15 genera and a worldwide distribution (Van Soest et al. 2015), is one of the key families in Demospongiae Sollas, 1885, the most diverse class of sponges. At the same time, Polymastiidae is one of the problematic taxa with a controversial classification (Plotkin et al. 2012). Classification of the demosponges has traditionally been based on the shape and arrangement of their skeletal elements, i.e., mineral spicules and organic fibers (Hooper and Van Soest 2002). The polymastii
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