Monitoring of reaction kinetics and determination of trace water in hydrophobic organic solvents by a smartphone-based r
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Monitoring of reaction kinetics and determination of trace water in hydrophobic organic solvents by a smartphone-based ratiometric fluorescence device Zhe Li 1 & Xiaolan Chen 1 & Lei Yu 2 & Huijuan Li 3 & Lu Chen 1 & Qi Kang 1 & Dazhong Shen 1 Received: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A smartphone-based ratiometric fluorescence device was designed to monitor the reaction kinetic process under vigorous mixing conditions, demonstrated by the hydrolysis of Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals (NCs). In the presence of trace water, part of Cs4PbBr6 NCs (non-fluorescent) was converted to CsPbBr3 NCs (strong fluorescent). Using anthracene as the reference fluorophore, the brightness ratio of the green (from CsPbBr3 NCs) to blue (from anthracene) components in the fluorescence image which was recorded in situ by the smartphone camera was measured as the signal for kinetic analysis. It was shown that the water-triggered conversion reaction from Cs4PbBr6 NCs to CsPbBr3 NCs follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model in the early rapid hydrolysis stage (up to 4 min). With increasing water content, the hydrolysis of Cs4PbBr6 NCs is promoted to yield more CsPbBr3 NCs, which was used to determine trace water in n-hexane, dichloromethane, and toluene with detection limits of 0.031, 0.043, and 0.057 μL mL−1, respectively. The device offers the advantages of portability and low cost for rapid field determination of trace water in hydrophobic organic solvents. Keywords Perovskite . Reaction kinetics . Ratiometric fluorescence . Hydrophobic organic solvents
Introduction Halide perovskites have emerged as a class of most promising and cost-effective semiconductor materials for nextZhe Li and Xiaolan Chen contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04551-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Qi Kang [email protected] * Dazhong Shen [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
2
Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, People’s Republic of China
3
College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, People’s Republic of China
generation photoluminescent, electroluminescent, and photovoltaic devices [1–3]. The nanocrystals (NCs) of these perovskites show quantum size effect, tunable bandgap, and excellent photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The applications of halide perovskites NCs in analytical determinations are being explored, including in gas sensor [4], fluorescence probes [5, 6], photoelectrochemical sensors [7, 8], electrochemiluminescence luminophore [9, 10], and s
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