Multi Scale Optimization of Building Energy
This paper is an introduction to smart-energy buildings. It states the user-centric energy management problem and points out how optimization can yield useful feedbacks to occupants. It focuses on the modeling issues and on the different kinds of optimiza
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Abstract This paper is an introduction to smart-energy buildings. It states the user-centric energy management problem and points out how optimization can yield useful feedbacks to occupants. It focuses on the modeling issues and on the different kinds of optimizations useful for providing daily support to occupants. An application example is presented.
Keywords Energy management Building Optimization Model transformation
1 Introduction Nowadays, almost everyone knows that energy has to be saved. Scientific researches focus on the design of renewable energy production means and on improving efficiency of energy processes but usage is disregarded. Energy sobriety has a very significant impact, for instance, in 2012, in India, a citizen consumed 760 kWh whereas in US, it was 12,954 kWh. Building sector has a very strong impact on energy consumption for two reasons: it accounts for about 30 % of the CO2 emissions in the world but also, in countries like France, 65 % of the electricity consumption is dedicated to buildings i.e. building sector is a key actor for grid demand response policies. In Europe, new standards appeared to lay down better efficiency and renewables in buildings. Nevertheless, for the period 1976–2012 in France, consumption for HVAC has decreased by 30 % whereas the consumption of the so-called other usage of electricity has increased by 90 %. It arises that end-users do not feel concerned by everyday savings because of unconscious daily routines and missing information. This paper is an introduction to smart-energy
S. Ploix (&) G-SCOP Lab CNRS UMR 5272, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 46 Avenue Felix Viallet, 38000 Grenoble, France e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 K.V. Raghavan and P. Ghosh (eds.), Energy Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3102-1_11
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buildings. It states the user-centric energy management problem and points out how optimization can yield useful feedbacks to occupants. It focuses on the modeling issues and on the different kinds of optimizations useful for providing daily support to occupants. An application example is presented.
2 Context Before going deeper into building energy management and optimization, let’s characterized the overall energy management problem. Because of constraining building standards, buildings and their appliances are becoming more and more efficient. As a result, consumption related to human activity is relatively much bigger than before. In addition, demand response in both electric and heat grids [1] lead to variable tariffs that the occupants of living areas have to take into account in their everyday life: their actions and activities now do matter and it is becoming much more complex that before. Existing building automations compute relevant set-points for HVAC systems according to occupant calendars but it does not help for most decision occupants have to take. Indeed, the following questions may arise. When and how long opening windows, shutters, flaps or internal door
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