Multi-Trial Episodic Recall and Recognition of Emotion-Laden Words in First Versus Second Language
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Multi‑Trial Episodic Recall and Recognition of Emotion‑Laden Words in First Versus Second Language Gregory K. Shenaut1 · Beth A. Ober1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Monolingual studies contrasting memory for positive versus negative emotion-laden words have generally used single-trial paradigms and have produced inconsistent results (no difference or an advantage for either positive or negative valence). However, monolingual studies with multiple presentations of stimuli have consistently found a positivity advantage in recall. No bilingual study has examined whether L2 testing, using a multi-trial procedure, will also produce a positivity advantage. We report two experiments in which L1 and L2 participants performed three learning trials (aural exposure, oral recall), followed by multiple delayed oral recall trials and a recognition trial, using lists of English words from ad-hoc semantic categories, with equal numbers of positive versus negative valence words. Results, including an overall positivity advantage, a greater positivity advantage in L2 than L1, and greater valence-based clustering in L2 than L1, were discussed in terms of the effects of stimulus exposure and gist consolidation. Keywords Bilingualism · Episodic memory · Positivity advantage · Word list recall · English language
Introduction In their first language (L1), young adult participants tend to show a cognitive advantage for negative stimuli across a variety of stimuli and cognitive tasks (see meta-analysis by Reed et al. 2014). However, when only episodic memory for recently experienced words is considered, a positivity advantage is about as likely to occur as a negativity advantage. When words are exposed to participants only once before a recognition trial, each possible outcome for positive versus negative word-recognition accuracy has occurred: (1) positive significantly greater than negative (e.g., Goldschmied et al. 2015); (2) positive equal to negative (e.g. Thapar and Rouder 2009); and (3) negative significantly greater than positive (e.g., Kapucu et al. 2008). Similarly, when words are exposed once before a free recall trial, each possible outcome has occurred: (1) positive recall significantly greater than negative * Gregory K. Shenaut [email protected] 1
Human Development and Family Studies, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
(e.g. Leigland et al. 2004, for 30 min delayed recall); (2) positive equal to negative (e.g., Kensinger 2008 for arousing words; Siddiqui and Unsworth 2011); and (3) negative significantly greater than positive (e.g., Kensinger 2008, for non-arousing words). These varied outcomes have occurred with single presentations across various orienting tasks, intentional versus incidental learning, and immediate versus delayed memory testing. However, greater consistency has been found with multiple exposures.
Do Multiple Exposures F
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