Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
This book is an original contribution to the field of multilingualism and cultural identity. It investigates the ramifications of multilingualism for language choice patterns and attitudes among Moroccans. It focuses on the impact of multilingualism on cu
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Moha Ennaji Author
Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco
Springer
Moha Ennaji University of Fés, Morocco
Library of Congress Cataloging-rn-Publication Data Ennaji, Moha. Multilingualism, cultural identity, and education in Morocco / Moha Ennaji, author. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-23979-0 e-ISBN 0-387-23980-4 Printed on acid-free paper. 1. Multilrngualism—Morocco. 2. Ethnicity—Morocco. 3. Sociolinguistics—Morocco. 4. Language and education—Morocco. I. Title. P115.5.M8E56 2005
306.44'6'0964—dc22
2004061421
2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. All
Printed in the United States of America.
987654321 springeronhine.com
5P11N11328582
To my dear wife Fatima Sadiqi, who has always been a source of support and inspiration
CONTENTS
Note
on Transliterations
Preface
ix
xi
General Introduction
1
Chapter 1. Historical Background
9
Chapter 2. Language, Culture, and Identity
19
Chapter 3. Arabic
47
Chapter 4. Berber
71
Chapter 5. French
97
Chapter 6. Foreign Languages
111
Chapter 7. Bilingualism Chapter 8. Code Switching and its Social Significance
123
Chapter 9. Language Use and Language Attitudes
157
Chapter 10. Language Policy, Literacy, and Education Conclusion
199
229
References
233
Index
249 253
Map
139
NOTE ON TRANSLITERATIONS The transliterations used in this book are broadly based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Transliterations of Berber and Moroccan Arabic are based on pronunciation and those of Standard Arabic are based on spelling. Consonants
t: '
t: d:u k:l
y:
2:
3:
d:
g: '-
b:'u 5:
z: j s: z:
f: h:
'—i
-
h:
w: j m: n: 1:
r:
J
j
x:
Vowels
Ia!: front open spread Lu!: back close rounded lii: front close unrounded /0/: back half-close rounded /o/: back half-open rounded lel: front half-close unrounded /e/: central close unrounded Vowels in Arabic are superscripts which appear above or below consonants:
a: u:
Gemination and vowel length are shown by consonant and vowel doubling.
PREFACE
In this book, I attempt to show how colonial and postcolonial political forces have endeavoured to reconstruct the national identity of Morocco, on the basis of cultural representations and ideological constructions closely related to nationalist and ethnolinguistic trends. I
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