Multiscale mechanics of biological, bioinspired, and biomedical materials
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From measuring mechanical properties to a novel mechanics science of biological materials Measuring mechanical properties is an integral part of almost any characterization procedure in state-of-the-art materials science. Such measurements are typically done according to standardized protocols,1,2 both for equipment characteristics and data evaluation. These protocols have their origins in metallurgy, as well as mechanical and civil engineering— metals being the first materials used on a broad industrial scale. Over the course of time, the same or similar protocols were used for other materials, and recent decades have evidenced a growing interest in applying them to either biological materials or materials mimicking or replacing biological tissue. An immediate outcome of these activities was that the mechanical properties of biological materials were found to be highly variable and difficult to capture by the aforementioned protocols. One thought was that the mechanical theories underlying the testing protocols emanating from the metals field might not be fully applicable to the highly complex, hierarchically organized biological materials and might need further development, and the corresponding basic assumptions may need to be rethought and improved. These developments, driven by the applied physics and chemistry communities, as well as the mechanical and civil engineering
communities, have left their traces in these various scientific fields and reflected back on materials science at large. This is illustrated by the various and ever-growing symposia at Materials Research Society (MRS) Meetings and other conferences over the last decade. This issue of MRS Bulletin is a compilation of articles highlighting different, complementary, and interdependent approaches to the challenge of extending theoretical and applied mechanics to the level needed for reliably capturing the properties of biological materials. The articles also include analogous, extensive consequences for measurement methods and evaluation protocols intended to determine mechanical procedures.
Improving evaluation protocols: From stress–strain curves to elaborate back-analysis schemes founded on mechanical principles Problems with proper determination of elastic properties of biological materials and biomaterials might start with basic and seemingly well-understood quantities such as Young’s modulus. As one standard measure of elastic material behavior, Young’s modulus can be determined from the linear portion of loading in a load-displacement curve obtained from quasistatic tests; this is in case the tested material exhibits a pronounced purely elastic regime, as is normally encountered
Christian Hellmich, Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Vienna University of Technology (Tu Wien), Austria; [email protected] Dinesh Katti, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.65
© 2015 Materials Research Society
MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 40 • APRIL
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