Mycobacterium avium : an Emerging Pathogen for Dog Breeds with Hereditary Immunodeficiencies
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BACTERIOLOGY (N BOREL, SECTION EDITOR)
Mycobacterium avium: an Emerging Pathogen for Dog Breeds with Hereditary Immunodeficiencies Giovanni Ghielmetti 1 & Urs Giger 2 Published online: 18 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Among the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the leading cause of pulmonary disease in humans. Innate and acquired immunodeficiencies have been associated with an increased host susceptibility to NTM infections. The underlying mechanisms predisposing humans and dogs to MAC infections are being elucidated. Recent Findings Although MAC infection is infrequently diagnosed in dogs, a strong breed predisposition particularly for Miniature Schnauzer and Basset Hound dogs is evident. A recessively inherited defect of the adaptor protein CARD9 has recently been documented to be responsible for the increased susceptibility to MAC in the Miniature Schnauzer breed. Summary Given the zoonotic potential of a MAC-infected dog particularly to immunocompromised human patients, diseased dogs pose a public health risk. While not a reportable disease, treatment of systemic mycobacteriosis is generally not effective and discouraged in dogs. The collaborative efforts by microbiologists, veterinary clinicians, dog breeders, primary care physicians, and infectious disease specialists applying the One Health approach are therefore crucial for the best management and prevention of MAC infection. Keywords Mycobacterium avium . Dog . Non-tuberculous mycobacteria . Precision medicine . Cutaneous and disseminated mycobacteriosis
Introduction Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria that belong to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. The genus Mycobacterium recently underwent important taxonomic change proposals, and the redistribution of 150 Mycobacterium species into five new genera has become a controversial issue among microbiologists, clinicians, and researchers [1, 2•]. Besides the emended genus Mycobacterium, the four newly proposed genera Mycobacteroides, Mycolicibacter, Mycolicibacterium, and
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Bacteriology * Giovanni Ghielmetti [email protected] 1
Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
2
Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
Mycolicibacillus are still debated regarding the phylogeny and taxonomy of large bacterial clades. On one hand, the necessity of an up-to-date core genome sequence-based phylogeny and taxonomy of a large heterogeneous group, such as the genus Mycobacterium, contributes to a more precise understanding of bacterial rise and evolution [1]. On the other hand, such drastic changes have led to confusions and potentially impede the exchange of information between researchers, microbiologists, and clinicians and, thereby, to patients and pet owners [
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