National Literacy Campaigns Historical and Comparative Perspectives
We came to the task of editing this book from different disciplines and back grounds but with a mutuality of interest in exploring the concept of literacy campaigns in historical and comparative perspective. One of us is a professor of comparative educat
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National Literacy Catnpaigns Historical and Comparative Perspectives
Edited by
ROBERT F. ARNOVE Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana
and
HARVEY J. GRAFF The University of Texas at Dallas RichiJrdson, Texas
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data National literacy campaigns. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Literacy—History. 2. Literacy—Cross-cultural studies. 3. Comparative educa tion. I. Arnove, Robert F. II. Graff, Harvey J. LC149.N33 1987 374'.012 87-10873 ISBN 978-1-4899-0507-9
ISBN 978-1-4899-0507-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0505-5
ISBN 978-1-4899-0505-5 (eBook)
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1987 Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1987 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors Robert F. Amove Indiana
H. S. Bhola Ben EkIof
School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington,
School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Department of History, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
Richard L. Gawthrop Department of History, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina Arthur Gillette
UNESCO, Paris, France
Harvey J. Graff School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas Charles W. Hayford Evanston, Illinois
Department of History, Northwestern University,
Rab Houston Department of Modern History, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Egil Johansson
Demografiska Databasen, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
Marvin Leiner Department of Elementary and Early Childhood Education, Queens College, Flushing, New York, New York Leslie Limage Edward Stevens Jeff Unsicker
UNESCO, Paris, France College of Education, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio World College West, Pedaluma, California
v
Preface We came to the task of editing this book from different disciplines and backgrounds but with a mutuality of interest in exploring the concept of literacy campaigns in historical and comparative perspective. One of us is a professor of comparative education who has participated in and written about literacy campaigns in Third World countries, notably Nicaragua; the other is a comparative social historian who has written on literacy campaigns in Western history. Both of us believed that literacy could only be understood in particular historical contexts. As Harvey Graff has noted, "to consider any of the ways in which literacy intersects 'with social, political, economic, cultural, or psychological life ... requires excursions into other records.") Thus, we have set out in this edited collection to explore some five hundred years of literacy campaigns in vastly different societies: Reformation Germany, early modern Sweden and Scotland, the nineteenth-century United States, nineteenth- a
