Navies in Violent Peace
A study of the political utility of navies not only in past wars and possible future wars but also in the "violent peace" of the modern era. It looks at their use in gunboat diplomacy, showing the flag, policing coastlines and tackling pirates and terrori
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Also by James Cable GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE SIEGE OF BILBAO GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, 1919-1979 (Second Edition) BRITAIN'S NAVAL FUTURE DIPLOMACY AT SEA THE GENEVA CONFERENCE OF 1954 ON INDOCHINA POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND ISSUES IN BRITAIN
As Grant Hugo BRITAIN IN TOMORROW'S WORLD APPEARANCE AND REALITY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Navies in Violent Peace James Cable
Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 978-1-349-20076-4 ISBN 978-1-349-20074-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20074-0
©Sir James Cable, 1989
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 978-0-333-45929-4
All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
First published in the United States of America in 1989 ISBN 978-0-312-03074-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cable, James, 1920Navies in violent peace I James Cable. p. em. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-312-03074-2 1. Navies. 2. Naval art and science. 3. Naval strategy. I. Title. VA10.C15 1989 359' .03--dc19 88-38445 CIP
For Viveca, as always
Contents Introduction
ix
1 Total War at Sea
1
2 Limited War at Sea
16
3 Proxy War at Sea
32
4 The Persistence of Gunboat Diplomacy
39
5
Gunboat Diplomacy in the 1980s and Beyond
57
6 Showing the Flag
71
7 Estate Management at Sea
82
8 Piracy and Terrorism at Sea
92
9 Who Needs Ocean-going Navies?
102
10 Arms Control at Sea
112
Notes and References
129
Select Bibliography
140
Index
142
vii
Introduction [We] must recognize the chief characteristics of the modern era a permanent state of what I call violent peace . . . the continuing and widespread existence of localized conflicts and crises .... In this age of violent peace, the Navy is on the front lines already, and will be for the foreseeable future. - ADMIRAL JAMES D. WATKINS, USN!
Today's Naval Commander must have the qualities of an experienced politician .... - M. S. GORBACHEV2 We live in a time of change. People have believed as much in most eras of the human race, but today there is more evidence to back the notion. If we assume that homo sapiens first appeared about 35000 BC, then the population of the world took nearly 37000 years to reach the first billion by 1850 AD. The second came only 75 years later, in 1925. Now we are approaching 5 billion and by the year 2000 we shall probably be over 6 billion. No doubt growth will then diminish, as it did in the United Kingdom, which tripled its population during the nineteenth century, but will come nowhere near doubling it in the twentieth. Even so, more growth is a disturbing prospect and one calculated to increase the likely incidence of human conflict. Curiously enough this has not so far matched the mounting demographic curve. A recent and systematic study of war between 1816 and 1980 concluded: [There] were 67 interstate wars and 51 imperial and colonial wars, leading directly to the death of almost 31 million military personnel. ... Looking at the entire period there is no evidenc
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