Network structure of depression symptomology in participants with and without depressive disorder: the population-based
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Network structure of depression symptomology in participants with and without depressive disorder: the population‑based Health 2000–2011 study Christian Hakulinen1,2 · Eiko I. Fried3 · Laura Pulkki‑Råback1 · Marianna Virtanen4 · Jaana Suvisaari2 · Marko Elovainio1,2 Received: 2 July 2019 / Accepted: 3 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose Putative causal relations among depressive symptoms in forms of network structures have been of recent interest, with prior studies suggesting that high connectivity of the symptom network may drive the disease process. We examined in detail the network structure of depressive symptoms among participants with and without depressive disorders (DD; consisting of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia) at two time points. Methods Participants were from the nationally representative Health 2000 and Health 2011 surveys. In 2000 and 2011, there were 5998 healthy participants (DD−) and 595 participants with DD diagnosis (DD+). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 13-item version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Fused Graphical Lasso was used to estimate network structures, and mixed graphical models were used to assess network connectivity and symptom centrality. Network community structure was examined using the walktrap-algorithm and minimum spanning trees (MST). Symptom centrality was evaluated with expected influence and participation coefficients. Results Overall connectivity did not differ between networks from participants with and without DD, but more simple community structure was observed among thosewith DD compared to those without DD. Exploratory analyses revealed small differences between the samples in the order of one centrality estimate participation coefficient. Conclusions Community structure, but not overall connectivity of the symptom network, may be different for people with DD compared to people without DD. This difference may be of importance when estimating the overall connectivity differences between groups with and without mental disorders. Keywords Network · Connectivity · Depression · Symptoms Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01843-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Christian Hakulinen [email protected] * Marko Elovainio [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
2
The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
3
Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
4
School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
Introduction Depressive disorders (DD), including major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia, are highly prevalent mental disorders with high comorbidity with other mental disorders. Although they have been under systematic investigation for decade
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