Neural and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Host Defense and Autoimmunity
This comprehensive volume, written by experts in the integrative fields of neuroscience, endocrinology and immunology, provides insight into the mechanisms by which neural and neuroendocrine factors influence susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity.
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Neural and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Host Defense and Autoimmunity Edited by
C. Jane Welsh Texas A&M University College Station, TX USA
Mary W. Meagher Texas A&M University College Station, TX USA
Esther M. Sternberg National Institutes of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
C. Jane Welsh Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-4458 [email protected] Mary W. Meagher Department of Psychology College of Liberal Arts Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-4225 [email protected] Esther M. Sternberg Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD 20892-9401 [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005939172 ISBN-10: 0-387-31411-3 ISBN-13: 978-0387-31411-2 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
(BS/IBT)
To my parents Frank and Agnes Welsh for enlightenment and my family Dr. Colin R. Young, James and Robert Young for all their support and understanding, as well as to Dr. Sharon Boston and the Brazos Valley Multiple Sclerosis Support Group who instigated our research interest in stress and multiple sclerosis.
Preface
Susceptibility to infections and autoimmunity is profoundly affected by neural and neuroendocrine factors that in turn mediate the psychological status of the organism. Physiological stressors have provided one important experimental approach to investigate the interactive bidirectional communication between the immune and nervous systems. The central nervous system alters the immune response through activation of (1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in the production of glucocorticoids, (2) the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the production of catecholamines, and (3) the parasympathetic nervous system and release of acetylcholine from the vagus nerve. In this context, the immune system functions as a “sensory system” alerting the central nervous system to the presence of pathogenic intruders via cytokine secretion. The immune system’s response to neuroendocrine factors released by activation of the CNS may r
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