Neural Roles of CLC Chloride Channels
Neural roles CLC chloride channels have been clarified by finding the mutations of human CLC genes in certain human diseases and by generating the CLC chloride channel knockout mice. Since five of the nice CLC channels are (CIC-3 through CIC-7) localized
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Abel Lajtha (Ed.)
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology Neural Signaling Mechanisms Volume Editor: Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
With 130 Figures and 14 Tables
Editor Abel Lajtha Director Center for Neurochemistry Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, 10962 USA Volume Editor Katsuhiko Mikoshiba Group Director of Neuro‐Developmental Disorder Research Group RIKEN Brain Science Institute 2‐1 Hirosawa Wako‐shi Saitama 351‐0198 Japan [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006922553 ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐30338‐3 Additionally, the whole set will be available upon completion under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐35443‐9 The electronic version of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐30426‐7 The print and electronic bundle of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐35478‐1 ß 2009 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid‐free paper
SPIN: 11415084 2109 – 5 4 3 2 1 0
Preface
The brain is an organ with a complex structure and is composed of various types of cells. It is mainly composed of neurons and glia cells, and a higher brain function results from the formation of complex neuronal networks. What is the best way to understand the brain? One way is by understanding how molecular and cellular mechanisms are formed. Among them, it is important to know the molecular mechanisms by which neuronal networks are developed, a process initiated during early cell-cell interactions. In addition, it is essential to understand the mechanism of signal transduction inside the cells during network formation at various developmental stages and also in the mature brain. The functions of the brain are multiple and complex – it is a centrally regulating organizing system of multiple simultaneous functions. As we begin to understand it, we recognize the specific functions and specific role individual cells have to perform, and the interactions of the cells that are needed for such functions. The understanding of these cell to cell interactions, which involve intracellular changes, is essential for understanding the multiple role of the brain, and also for understanding any change responsible for malfunction of this organ. This volume of the Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology is a coll
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