Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19
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COVID-19
Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 Munirah Saad Alshebri 1
&
Reema Abdulaziz Alshouimi 1 & Hadeel Aqeel Alhumidi 1 & Abdulrahman I. Alshaya 1,2,3
Accepted: 11 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This review provides an overview of studies and case reports of neurological and neuromuscular complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and describes the possible mechanisms of viral transmission to the central nervous system (CNS). Coronavirus family has shown central and peripheral nervous system tropism in multiple retrospective studies and case reports from different parts of the world. To date, the reported cases of neurological and neuromuscular complications associated with coronaviruses, especially COVID-19, are increasing. Neurological and neuromuscular symptoms and complications ranging from headache and anosmia to more severe encephalitis and stroke have been reported in many studies. However, the neurotropism mechanism of coronaviruses is still not clear and the evidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement is limited despite the number of studies that attempted to illustrate the possible CNS invasion mechanisms. The reported neurological complications of coronaviruses are summarized in this article. Keywords Neurological complications . COVID-19 . SARS . MERS . Encephalopathy . Stroke
Introduction Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses with large genomes [1]. These viruses are members of the Coronaviridae family within the order Nidovirales. Six This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00589-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Munirah Saad Alshebri [email protected] Reema Abdulaziz Alshouimi [email protected] Hadeel Aqeel Alhumidi [email protected] Abdulrahman I. Alshaya [email protected] 1
College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2
National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
strains of coronavirus have been identified as human pathogens [2]. These include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome, and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviruses are mainly respiratory pathogens that cause a wide range of upper and lower respiratory tract infections with various neurological complications that will be highlighted in this review paper. Understanding the virological background of these different viral infections might facilitate learners’ perception of the disease’s prognosis and management. SARS-Co
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