Neuroprotective Xanthones and Their Biosynthesis in Shoot Cultures of Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) C.B. Clarke

Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) C.B. Clarke, an annual medicinal herb belonging to Gentianaceae, is mostly found in South-Asian countries. The genus possesses a unique class of compounds called xanthones, which are known for their potential against Alzheimer’

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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Xanthones – Chemistry and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Biotechnological Intervention in Hoppea fastigiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Isolation and Identification of Xanthones from Ethanolic Extracts of In Vitro Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Upliftment of Xanthones in Elicited Shoot Cultures of H. fastigiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Elicited H. fastigiata Shoot Cultures Showed Enhanced Acetylcholinesterase, Monoamine Oxidase A and B Inhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Inhibitor Treatments of H. fastigiata Shoot Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Effect of Inhibitors on Elicited Shoot Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Effect of Elicitation on Enzyme Activities of H. fastigiata Shoot Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) Activity from Shoots Cultures of H. fastigiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4-Coumarate CoA Ligase (4CL) Activity Remained Stable After Yeast Extract Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Enhancement of Shikimate Dehydrogenase (SKDH) Activity in H. fastigiata Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Enhancement of Shikimate Kinase (SK) Activity in H. fastigiata Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Mechanism of Elicitation in Yeast Extract Mediated Xanthone Enhancement in Hoppea fastigiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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U. R. Moon Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur