Niger Basin Authority
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S TATE SMAN ’S Y E A R BOOK
2018
THE POLITICS, CULTURES AND ECONOMIES OF THE WORLD
‘Precious source of solid and comprehensive information – an invaluable reminder that facts still matter.’ — Maria Lipman, Editor-in-chief, Counterpoint journal
THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK
2018
Editors Frederick Martin Sir John Scott-Keltie Mortimer Epstein S. H. Steinberg John Paxton Brian Hunter Barry Turner
1864 1883 1927 1946 1969 1990 1997
1883 1926 1946 1969 1990 1997 2014
Credits Publisher Research Editor Researchers
Index Typesetting
Nicholas Heath-Brown Allan Cohen Daniel Smith Richard German Tom Alvarez Sharanjit Aujla Jessica Soltys Robert McGowan Jill Fenner Noah von Heimendahl Sara Hussain Ben Eastham Justine Foong Hanna Szymborska Noah Nzeribe Thanh Tuan Chu Edward Lea Sheena Amin Maximilian Kressner James Wilson Sharita Oomeer Richard German MPS
email: [email protected]
THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK THE POLITICS, CULTURES AND ECONOMIES OF THE WORLD
2018
Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Published annually since 1864
ISBN 978-1-137-50852-2 ISBN 978-1-349-70154-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-70154-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 The authors have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by SpringerNature. The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London. The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom.
PREFACE Welcome to the 154th edition of The Statesman’s Yearbook— an edition that reflects some of the most unimaginable political twists in the modern era. A year before the US presidential election nobody would have imagined that Donald Trump would be the country’s 45th p
