Non-destructive Raman study on the provenance and firing temperature of Guan Wares in the Song Dynasty
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Non-destructive Raman study on the provenance and firing temperature of Guan Wares in the Song Dynasty Lan Zhao, Jianmin Miao, Bairui Yang, He Li Research Laboratory of Ancient Ceramics(The Palace Museum), 4 Jingshan Qianjie, Beijing, 100009, China ABSTRACT Non-destructive Raman spectroscopy was applied to three kinds of porcelain glaze samples: (i) Guan wares of Song Dynasty; (ii) Imitated Guan wares; (Both (i) and (ii) are from the Palace Museum (Beijing, China) collections); (iii) Porcelain shards are collected from the Xiuneisi kiln site which is one of two excavated Guan ware imperial kilns in Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Raman spectra of the glassy phase network were used to discuss the composition and firing temperature of the glaze. The index of polymerization (Ip) is strongly correlated with the firing temperature and the composition of the glaze. According to the Ip values of the glaze, those Guan wares (i) can be classified into three groups. The provenance of Guan wares (i) was discussed by comparing the Ip values to imitations (ii) and shards(iii). The study of classification and provenance are also supported by the X-ray fluorescence data. The Ip values of several recently prepared glazed samples of known firing temperature were measured to build empirical relationship between the Ip value and the firing temperature. Based on the relationship, the firing temperature of the Guan ware glazes was at 1170-1300ć. INTRODUCTION Guan ware is one of the “Five classic wares” of the Song Dynasty in China. It is also one of the most precious treasures in ancient Chinese porcelains for its exquisite shape, jade-like green-glaze and rarity. Nowadays, there are no more than 200 Guan wares in Museums and private collections, which are mainly collected in the Palace Museum (Beijing) and the National Palace Museum (Taipei). As we know, only two imperial Kiln sites of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1127-1279) have been discovered and excavated in Hangzhou related to Xiuneisi Kiln and Jiaotanxia Kiln described in the ancient documents, respectively. In ancient China, these Song Guan wares have been handed down from generation to generation, they have no “reign marks” on the wares, so it is a question to identify their provenance and manufacturing age. Most reported researches on the Guan wares were confined to shards from the kiln sites as the handed-down Guan wares are rare. The reports analyzed the handed-down Guan wares are very limited. This work is the first time systemic study on the handed-down Guan wares from the Palace Museum collection by Raman spectroscopy and the data has also been compared with that of the imitations of Ming or Qing Dynasty and the shards from imperial kiln sites. In recent years, Raman microscopy has been used to study the glaze structure as an effective method [1-3]. The Raman spectra of the glassy glazes are dominated by characteristic broad bands due to Si–O bending vibration(ca 500cm-1) and Si–O stretching vibration(ca 1200cm-1), so the ratio of these bending and st
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