Novel Strategy for Antifouling Paints with Zero Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) Elution based on Interpenetrating Po
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Novel Strategy for Antifouling Paints with Zero Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) Elution based on Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)
Masanobu Naito, Takashi Nakai, Takuma Kawabe, Kenji Mori, Daisuke Furuta, Yukio Imanishi, and Michiya Fujiki Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, JAPAN
ABSTRACT Environmentally friendly organic-inorganic hybrid materials with repellent activity against marine fouling organisms have been developed using interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), composed of a three-dimensional silica matrix of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and chain-like polymers, such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinylacetate) (PVAc).
The
repellent activity of the IPNs reached a maximum of approximately 90% relative to that of tetrabutyl tin oxide (TBTO). Simple bioassays using blue mussels and algae were used to screen out the adequate proportions of those components. INTRODUCTION Marine fouling organisms, such as barnacles and blue mussels, have caused serious economic losses by attaching themselves to the hulls of ships, and to pipes in power plants. A highly effective method for preventing this adhesion is self-polishing type antifouling paint, in which organotin compounds, such as tributyl tin oxide (TBTO) or cuprous oxide are hydrolyzed and elute into the seawater to kill the marine fouling organisms [1]. Over the past few decades, however, it has been reported that eluted organotin compounds cause serious ocean pollution, interfere with immune cell activity, and confer male characteristics on female organisms. TBTO has, thus, been confirmed as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). The use of TBTO-containing antifouling paints is prohibited worldwide, and current efforts are focused on developing alternative antifouling paints [1]. One of the most promising materials for alternative antifouling paints without biocidal
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activity is based on organosilicone. Recently, certain fluorosilicone polymers have shown better fouling release properties than those of a simple silicone polymer such as poly(dimethylsiloxane). For example, the US Navy has patented vague fluorinated silicones with high fouling release properties [2]. In these compounds, the fluorohexyl side group of the siloxane resulted in fewer barnacles and encrusting bryozoans settling on a fluorosilicone panel than on a poly(dimethylsilicone) panel. However, the fluorinated silicone produced a higher level of algae fouling than its dimethyl analogue. Moreover, fluorinated silicones with repellent activities require a complicated multi-step synthesis and are not economically viable. The fouling mechanism of marine fouling organisms is classified into two steps. Initial biofouling, effected by bacteria and plants to form biofilms, is followed by adhesion of biofouling animals, such as barnacles and blue mussels. To design highly efficient antifouling materials, comprehensive repellent activities against bacteria, plants, and animals are required.
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