Numerical Investigation on Human Knee Joint for Verifying Intactness of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Numerical Investigation on Human Knee Joint for Verifying Intactness of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Bharath K. Bhat1
•
Raviraja Adhikari1 • Kiran Kumar V. Acharya2
Received: 24 June 2019 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 Ó The Institution of Engineers (India) 2020
Abstract Magnetic resonance image (MRI) of a healthy human knee joint in full extension was considered for this study. A three-Dimensional geometry of the different parts of the healthy human knee joint is generated from the MRI. The geometry is discretized for various element sizes. The load was applied in two cases. In the first case, a 134-N load is applied to the joint in the posterior to the anterior direction for estimating anterior tibial translation (ATT) and the equivalent (VonMises) stress distribution in the model. As per the clinical practice, the intactness of ACL is ensured if the ATT is in the range of 3–10 mm. The results obtained from the analysis have ascertained the intactness of ACL in this study. In the second case, a 250 N is applied in the direction of gravity during the standing posture to obtain the equivalent (Von-Mises) stress distribution in the model. This analysis confirmed that the stresses in the joint are in the permissible limit of human endurance. Keywords Finite element method ACL Lachman test Body weight loading
& Bharath K. Bhat [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Educaiton, Manipal, India
2
Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Introduction The human knee joint is a diarthrodial joint formed between the two most massive bones of the human body. It is composed of femorotibial and patellofemoral joints. The knee joint parts such as femur, tibia, fibula and menisci and stabilizing ligaments such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) provide stability to the human knee joint in many a position. The human knee joint parts of the right leg along with the corresponding coordinate system are shown in Fig. 1. It is, however, to be noted that the number of injuries to the knee joint is highest among patients who have ACL rupture. The number of ACL injuries in the USA is around 100,000 and 200,000 ACL ruptures per year [1]. Hence, there always arises a question: What is the typical reaction of a healthy human knee joint to normal knee joint loading conditions? To answer this question, several experiments need to be conducted on a human cadaveric knee joint. But these experimental results may not represent the reality as they are performed on cadavers which have a different material behavior than a living tissue [3]. Hence, to ascertain the actual practice, there is a need for the finite element model with a real behavior the same as the living tissue. Kiapour et al. [4], with the help of a finite element study, reported that tis
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